Metzinger v. Subera, 39060

• Citation: 266 P.2d 287,175 Kan. 542
• Decision Date: 23 January 1954
• Docket Number: No. 39060,39060
• Parties: METZINGER et al. v. SUBERA.
• Court: Kansas Supreme Court

Page 287

266 P.2d 287

175 Kan. 542

METZINGER et al. v. SUBERA.

No. 39060.

Supreme Court of Kansas.

Jan. 23, 1954.

Syllabus by the Court.

1. Special findings are to be given such a construction, if possible, as will bring them into harmony with the general verdict, but if they cannot be reconciled with the general verdict, and are sufficiently full and complete in themselves, and are not inconsistent with each other, judgment must follow the special findings.

2. In determining their sufficiency to support a judgment, all of the findings of fact must be read and construed together.

3. A general finding of negligence in the nature of a conclusion must yield to contrary specific and detailed findings on the point in issue.

4. It is a general rule of law that one, who, in a sudden emergency, acts according to his best judgment, or who, because of want of time in which to form a judgment, omits to act in the most judicious manner, is not chargeable with negligence.

5. In an action to recover for the wrongful death of a minor child, the record is examined and it is held: Under the rules announced in the foregoing paragraphs of this syllabus, and which are more fully discussed in the opinion, the court did not err in overruling plaintiffs' motion for a new trial and in sustaining defendant's motion for judgment on the special findings.

J. Francis Hesse, Wichita, argued the cause, and W. D. Jochems, J. Wirth Sargent, Emmet A. Blaes, Roetzel Jochems, Robert G. Braden, S. C. Durbin and James W. Sargent, Wichita, were with him on the briefs, for appellants.

Donald R. Newkirk, Wichita, argued the cause, and Howard T. Fleeson, Homer V. Gooing, Wayne Coulson, Paul R. Kitch, Dale M. Stucky, Gerrit H. Wormhoudt and Theodore C. Geisert, Wichita, were with him on the briefs, for appellee.

PRICE, Justice.

This action was brought by plaintiffs to recover for the wrongful death of their four-year-old daughter who was killed as a result of being struck by the automobile driven by defendant.

The jury returned a very nominal verdict for plaintiffs and also made special findings. Plaintiffs' motion for a new trial, on the grounds the verdict was in part contrary to the evidence, was given under the influence of passion and prejudice, and that the jury was guilty of misconduct, was overruled. Defendant's motion for judgment on the special findings was sustained. Plaintiffs have appealed.

The petition charged defendant with the following acts of negligence--(a) in driving at a speed greater than was reasonable and prudent under the circumstances then existing; (b) failing to give an audible signal to the child in time to warn her of the impending danger; (c) in failing properly to apply his brakes and to stop his vehicle in time to avoid hitting the child; (d) in failing to decrease his speed when a special hazard existed; (e) in failing to keep his vehicle under control sufficiently to enable him to stop or turn aside under the conditions confronting him immediately prior to the accident; (f) in driving his vehicle in a reckless manner and with complete and utter disregard for the safety of other persons on the highway; and (g) in failing to keep a proper lookout for other persons on the highway. Recovery was sought in the amount of $15,000.

The answer denied actionable negligence on the part of defendant and alleged contributory negligence on the part of plaintiffs in permitting their four-year-old child to play on and about a public highway without supervision.

The reply denied new matter contained in the answer.

The material facts are not in dispute and may be summarized as follows:

Plaintiffs, who were the parents of six children, lived on a farm a few miles west of Caldwell. Defendant, also a farmer, lived about 8 miles west and north of plaintiffs' farm. Plaintiffs' house was located about 60 feet south of a graveled east-west county highway. Three rows of trees running east-west, were in front of the house, between it and the highway. A driveway on the east side of the house led to the highway. On the afternoon of May 15, 1951, plaintiff mother was at home doing odds and ends in the house. Her four-year-old daughter was in and out of the house. Once when the mother looked out of a north window she saw the child playing in the front yard with a dog and kitten.

A while later, while engaged in sewing, the mother heard a 'thudding' noise and, sensing that something was wrong, went out to the driveway and called her daughter. Receiving no answer she went out to the highway. Some distance to the east, close to the ditch on the south side, was defendant's car. He stated that he thought he had hit the child. The latter's body was on the shoulder of the north side of the highway at a point 35 feet east of the center line of the driveway. A few hours later she died as a result of the injuries sustained when struck by the car driven by defendant.

On the fateful afternoon in question defendant, the only eyewitness to the accident, was on his way to town get some sweet potato plants. He was familiar with the highway, which was a well-graveled county road about 30 feet in width. The ditches on either side were rather steep, making it impossible for a driver to see the bottom of them. As he approached plaintiffs' home from the west he was traveling about 50 miles per hour in his 1949 Ford Tudor automobile. There was nothing in or on the highway. He glanced to the right to make sure that nothing was coming out of plaintiffs' driveway, which, because of the trees, was partially obscured to one driving east. Seeing nothing, he shifted his eyes back to the highway, and, for the first time, when at a point about 50 feet west of the driveway, he saw the little girl 'bobble out at me.' She was 5 or 6 feet in the highway on the north side, about 40 or 50 feet east of the driveway. He sounded his horn and applied his brakes. The child continued to run in a diagonal southwesterly course across the road toward the driveway. The sudden application of the brakes caused defendant's car to swerve a little to the north. In attempting to dodge the child defendant attempted to drive to the right or south, and while doing so she was hit by the left front fender. Defendant's car proceeded for some distance down the south side of the road, partially in the ditch, before he was able to bring it to a complete stop without turning over. Defendant estimated his car was traveling about 25 miles per hour at the instant the child was hit.

The jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiffs in the sum of $800, and answered special questions as follows:

'Question No. 1--Where was the child when defendant first saw her?

'Answer: 45 ft east of drive way and 5 ft from edge of road on north side.

'Question No. 2--How far west of the child was defendant when he first saw her?

'Answer: 95 ft west of child.

'Question No. 3--Was the defendant confronted with an emergency through no fault of his own?

'Answer: Yes.

'Question No. 4--When did the defendant first know a special hazard existed?

'Answer: 50 ft west of driveway.

'Question No. 5--What speed was defendant travelling when he first saw the child?

'Answer: 50 miles per hr.

'Question No. 6--What speed was defendant travelling when the collision occurred?

'Answer: 25 miles per hr.

'Question No. 7--What, if anything, did defendant fail to do that he should have done after he first saw the child?

'Answer: He failed to slow his car while anticipating her reaction to the blast of his horn hoping she would stop.

'Question No. 8--If you find the defendant guilty of negligence state what such negligence consisted of?

'Answer: He hesitated too long anticipating what the child would do before he applied his brakes.

'Question No. 9--Did the parents know the child was likely to go onto the highway?

'Answer: Yes.

'Question No. 10--Do you find the parents exercised reasonable care to prevent the child from getting on the highway?

'Answer: We have no evidence either way.'

Defendant's motion that the jury be required to return a definite answer to the last question was overruled.

As heretofore stated, plaintiffs' motion for a new trial was overruled, defendant's motion for judgment on the special findings was sustained, and plaintiffs have appealed.

Plaintiffs first contend that it was error to overrule their motion for a new trial, the basis of their argument being that on the face of things the award of only $800 was manifestly inadequate to compensate for the death of their child, and that the verdict was the result of a desire on the part of the jury to compensate them only for one-half of the medical and funeral expenses. In support thereof they refer to an affidavit executed by one of their counsel after he had discussed the matter with two of the jurors the day following the trial.

Defendant answers this contention by arguing that from the special findings it is very apparent the jury was of the opinion he was not guilty of actionable negligence and therefore not liable, but that, nevertheless, in a spirit of sympathy for plaintiffs, concluded that he should share equally with them in their strictly pecuniary loss.

However, discussion of that question becomes unnecessary if the court ruled properly in rendering judgment for defendant on the special findings, and we therefore proceed to the latter point.

The concluding portion of our statute, G.S.1949, 60-2918, providing for the submission of special questions to a jury, reads:

'When the special finding of facts is inconsistent with the general verdict, the former controls the latter, and the court may give judgment accordingly.'

In numerous decisions this court has laid down the general rule to the effect that a general verdict imports a finding upon all of the issue in the case not inconsistent with the special findings; that the latter are to be given such a construction, if possible, as will bring them into harmony with the general verdict, but...