Meusy v. Montgomery Ward Life Ins. Co.

• Decision Date: 28 August 1991
• Docket Number: No. 90-35762,90-35762
• Citation: 943 F.2d 1097
• Parties: Doris MEUSY, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MONTGOMERY WARD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 1097

943 F.2d 1097

Doris MEUSY, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MONTGOMERY WARD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 90-35762.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted July 11, 1991.

Decided Aug. 28, 1991.

Robert J. Curran and Michael R. Rayton, Ryan, Swanson & Cleveland, Seattle, Wash., for defendant-appellant.

John P. Lynch, Seattle, Wash., for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington.

Before D.W. NELSON, NOONAN and T.G. NELSON, Circuit Judges.

THOMAS G. NELSON, Circuit Judge:

Montgomery Ward Life Insurance Company appeals the district court's judgment in favor of Doris Meusy in her diversity action to recover insurance benefits arising from the death of her husband. Because the court's finding that Mr. Meusy's death from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the chest was proximately caused by a car accident is not supported by the evidence and its reliance on Norbeck v. Mutual of Omaha Insurance Co., 3 Wash.App. 582, 476 P.2d 546 (1970), review denied, 79 Wash.2d 1001 (1971), was misplaced, we reverse.

BACKGROUND

On September 2, 1983, Merlin Meusy was severely injured in a car accident, suffering injuries to his back and head, including permanent disfigurement of his left ear. According to Mr. Meusy's wife and son, Mr. Meusy was upset by his ear injury and he grew his hair longer to cover it. After the accident, Mr. Meusy stayed home more and stopped attending sporting events. According to Mrs. Meusy and Mr. Meusy's son, Merlin Meusy suffered from headaches after the accident. Mr. Meusy was able to return to his employment approximately one month after the accident.

On December 2, 1983, Mr. Meusy, a recovering alcoholic who had been sober for a number of years, began drinking again. On December 3, Mr. Meusy and his son and daughter drove to Spokane, Washington to play bingo and the three purchased and consumed whiskey during the trip. According to Meusy's son and wife, when Meusy returned home in the early morning hours of December 4, he was drunk. When he arrived home, Mr. Meusy spoke with his wife about money problems, her work, and his renewed drinking. Despite his wife's words of assurance, Merlin Meusy got a gun, pointed it at his chest, and pulled the trigger. The gun misfired and Mrs. Meusy told Mr. Meusy to stop scaring her and ran from the house to her car to go get help. After searching in vain for her car keys, she returned to the house and heard a shot. Mrs. Meusy went inside and found her husband dead, with the gun in his hand and a gunshot wound in his chest. All cartridges in the gun showed evidence of having been struck by the hammer, indicating at least five misfires. A toxicology report revealed Meusy's blood alcohol content (BAC) to be 0.21% at the time of his death.

Mr. Meusy had an accidental death and dismemberment policy with Montgomery Ward Life. Benefits are payable under the policy when an insured sustains an "injury ... while occupying a private passenger automobile." The policy defines "injury" as "bodily injury caused by an accident occurring while the insurance is in force and which injury results, within 365 days after the date of the accident, directly and independently of all other causes." Specifically excluded from coverage is "any loss caused by or resulting from ... intentionally self-inflicted injury or suicide, while sane or insane."

Mr. Meusy also had a life insurance policy with Montgomery Ward. In the case of a suicide, "while sane or insane," within two years of the original policy date, however, the benefit is limited to return of the premiums paid. Mrs. Meusy brought suit after Montgomery Ward denied coverage based upon the suicide exclusions, and a bench trial was held.

After hearing testimony from Mr. Meusy's wife and son, two toxicologists, the deputy coroner and the prosecutor/coroner, the court found:

[T]hat [Mr. Meusy's] wound, "however inflicted, in whatever state of intoxication he was in, whatever his level of depression, whatever his capacity to appreciate his own act, was proximately caused by the auto accident which occurred some three months before on September 3rd of 1983. That cruel blow which scarred not only his face but his spirit as well continued, in this Court's view, as a cause not broken by any new and independent cause of death, however it was brought about."

Reporter's Transcript, page 36. The court concluded Mr. Meusy's death was proximately caused by injuries sustained in the September 2, 1983 car accident, and awarded Mrs. Meusy full benefits of $20,000 under the life insurance policy and full benefits of $50,000 under the accidental death policy. Montgomery Ward timely appeals and we have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

A district court's findings of fact are reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard. FED.R.CIV.P. 52(a); Kruso v. Int'l Tel. & Tel. Corp., 872 F.2d 1416, 1421 (9th Cir.1989), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 110 S.Ct. 3217, 110 L.Ed.2d 664 (1990). Under this standard, we must accept the district court's findings of fact unless upon review the court is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. Northwest Acceptance Corp. v. Lynnwood Equipment, Inc., 841 F.2d 918, 922 (9th Cir.1988) (citing United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395, 68 S.Ct. 525, 542, 92 L.Ed. 746 (1948)). Rule 52(a) does not, however, apply to a district court's interpretation of law, which is reviewed de novo. Insurance Co. of State of Pennsylvania v. Associated Int'l Ins. Co., 922 F.2d 516, 520 (9th Cir.1990) (citations omitted). The district court's conclusions may be set aside if they are based upon an erroneous interpretation of the law. Id.

DISCUSSION

The district court was willing to presume for the purpose of its ruling that Mr. Meusy took his own life and that he had the capacity to understand what he was doing, but found it unnecessary to so rule in view of its proximate cause ruling and the case of Norbeck v. Mutual of Omaha Insurance Co., 3 Wash.App. 582, 476 P.2d 546 (1970), review denied, 79 Wash.2d 1001 (1971). In Norbeck, the Washington Court of Appeals upheld an award of accidental death policy proceeds to the wife of a man who died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound 82 days after he fell at his construction job, sustaining serious head injuries. The policy sued upon excepted suicide while sane or insane. Id. 476 P.2d at 547.

We are bound to follow the decisions of a state's highest court in interpreting that state's law. Ogden Martin Systems, Inc. v. San Bernadino County, 932 F.2d 1284, 1288 (9th Cir.1991) (citations omitted), amended by Nos. 89-55605; 89-55686 (9th Cir. May 24, 1991). "If no ruling exists from the highest court of the state, we must follow intermediate appellate decisions unless 'convinced by other persuasive data that the highest court of the state would decide otherwise.' " Id. at 1288-89 (quoting West v. American Tel. & Tel. Co., 311 U.S. 223, 237, 61 S.Ct. 179, 183, 85 L.Ed. 139 (1940)). The Washington Supreme Court denied review of Norbeck. However, we decline Montgomery Ward's invitation to question the validity of the Norbeck analysis because it is factually distinguishable from, and not dispositive of, this case.

In Norbeck, there was substantial medical evidence that the injury to the decedent's brain was "both organic and psychological in nature, causing a generalized impairment of its functions;" and that the self-infliction of the gunshot wound was the result of an uncontrollable impulse resulting from the brain damage. Norbeck, 3 Wash.App. at 583, 476 P.2d at 547. In this case there was no such medical evidence. The testimony did not establish that the car accident or Mr. Meusy's injuries caused him to kill himself; nor was there any direct evidence or medical testimony that the accident...