Meyer v. UST (In re Scholz)

• Decision Date: 15 November 2012
• Docket Number: No. 11–60023.,11–60023.
• Citation: 699 F.3d 1167
• Parties: In re Robert Lynn SCHOLZ; Carolyn Gail Scholz, Debtors. Michael Hugh Meyer, Chapter 13 Trustee, Appellant, v. UST–United States Trustee, Sacramento; Robert Lynn Scholz; Carolyn Gail Scholz, Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

699 F.3d 1167

2012 Daily Journal D.A.R. 15,519

In re Robert Lynn SCHOLZ; Carolyn Gail Scholz, Debtors.Michael Hugh Meyer, Chapter 13 Trustee, Appellant,

v.UST–United States Trustee, Sacramento; Robert Lynn Scholz; Carolyn Gail Scholz, Appellees.

No. 11–60023.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Aug. 10, 2012.

Filed Nov. 15, 2012.

Brent D. Meyer, Meyer Law Group, LLP, San Francisco, CA, for the trustee-appellant.

Gary Huss, Law Offices of Gary Huss, Fresno, CA, for the debtors-appellees.

Henry E. Hildebrand, III, Standing Chapter 13 Trustee for the Middle District of Tennessee, Nashville, TN, for amicus curiae National Association of Chapter 13 Trustees.

Appeal from the Ninth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel, Markell, Zive, and Jury, Bankruptcy Judges, Presiding. BAP No. 10–1153.

Before: CONSUELO M. CALLAHAN and PAUL J. WATFORD, Circuit Judges, and JAMES K. SINGLETON, Senior District Judge.^*

OPINION

WATFORD, Circuit Judge:

Robert and Carolyn Scholz have filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code. The question before us is whether the Scholzes may exclude an annuity Mr. Scholz receives under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 (RRA) when calculating their “projected disposable income,” which determines the amount they must repay creditors to qualify for Chapter 13 relief. The Scholzes contend the annuity must be excluded because the RRA provides that payment of such annuities shall not be “anticipated.” In the Scholzes' view, calculating their projected disposable income based on the expectation that Mr. Scholz will continue to receive the annuity “anticipates” its payment and is therefore barred by the RRA. In our view, that reading of the statute is foreclosed by the Supreme Court's construction of the term “anticipated” in Hisquierdo v. Hisquierdo, 439 U.S. 572, 99 S.Ct. 802, 59 L.Ed.2d 1 (1979).

I

The relevant facts may be briefly summarized. Mr. Scholz, a retired railroad employee, receives annuity income under the RRA of several thousand dollars per month. When the Scholzes filed their Chapter 13 petition, they were required to calculate their “current monthly income,” which is defined as “the average monthly income from all sources that the debtor receives” during the six-month period before the bankruptcy filing, subject to several exclusions. 11 U.S.C. § 101(10A). The Scholzes excluded Mr. Scholz's RRA annuity when calculating their current monthly income. The bankruptcy court agreed, over an objection by the trustee, that this exclusion was proper. See In re Scholz, 427 B.R. 864, 870–72 (Bankr.E.D.Cal.2010).

The exclusion of Mr. Scholz's RRA annuity from “current monthly income” was significant because that figure is used as the baseline for calculating a debtor's “disposable income”—the amount the debtor has left after paying specified expenses each month. See11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(2). The amount of a debtor's “disposable income,” in turn, will often have an important bearing on the terms of the repayment plan that the bankruptcy court must approve. For if the debtor's proposed plan does not pay unsecured creditors in full, and either the trustee or any unsecured creditor objects, the bankruptcy court may not approve the plan unless the debtor agrees to pay all of the debtor's “projected disposable income” to unsecured creditors over the duration of the plan. Id. § 1325(b)(1).

After the bankruptcy court confirmed the Scholzes' proposed plan, the trustee appealed. The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the Ninth Circuit (BAP) held that the bankruptcy court had erred by excluding Mr. Scholz's RRA annuity when calculating the Scholzes' current monthly income. Meyer v. Scholz (In re Scholz), 447 B.R. 887, 893–94 (B.A.P. 9th Cir.2011). The BAP reasoned that, had Congress intended to exclude RRA annuity income from the calculation of current monthly income, it could have provided an express exclusion for such income, as it has for other sources of retirement income, such as Social Security benefits. Congress's failure to do so, the BAP reasoned, precludes courts from creating new, nonstatutory exclusions. Id. at 891–92. Both the trustee and the Scholzes now agree that the BAP's ruling on this point is correct.

Ordinarily, including a source of income in the calculation of current monthly income means that source will be included in the calculation of projected disposable income as well. But the BAP thought RRA annuity income had to be treated differently, based on what we will call the RRA's “anti-anticipation clause.” That clause, italicized below, provides as follows:

[N]otwithstanding any other law of the United States, or of any State, territory, or the District of Columbia, no annuity or supplemental annuity shall be assignable or be subject to any tax or to garnishment, attachment, or other legal process under any circumstances whatsoever, nor shall the payment thereof be anticipated.

45 U.S.C. § 231m(a) (emphasis added). The BAP held that including RRA annuity income in the calculation of a debtor's projected disposable income would “anticipate” payment of the annuity and is therefore barred by the RRA's anti-anticipation clause. Scholz, 447 B.R. at 895–96.

II

Before addressing the merits of this holding, we must first decide whether the BAP's ruling is reviewable. We have jurisdiction to review “all final decisions, judgments, orders, and decrees” issued by the BAP. 28 U.S.C. § 158(d)(1). The BAP's decision here is not final as a technical matter, because it remands the case to the bankruptcy court for further factual findings—namely, recalculation of (1) the Scholzes' current monthly income with Mr. Scholz's RRA annuity included, and (2) their projected disposable income with the annuity excluded. See DeMarah v. United States (In re DeMarah), 62 F.3d 1248, 1250 (9th Cir.1995). But our case law permits a “flexible approach to jurisdiction in the context of bankruptcy appeals.” Congrejo Invs., LLC v. Mann (In re Bender), 586 F.3d 1159, 1163 (9th Cir.2009). In determining whether to assert jurisdiction, we consider: “(1) the need to avoid piecemeal litigation; (2) judicial efficiency; (3) the systemic interest in preserving the bankruptcy court's role as the finder of fact; and (4) whether delaying review would cause either party irreparable harm.” Id. at 1164 (internal quotation marks omitted). After considering these factors, we are persuaded that the exercise of appellate jurisdiction is proper here.

The second and third factors identified in Bender weigh in favor of exercising jurisdiction. Because this appeal concerns a purely legal issue that does not turn in any way on the factual record, our resolution of the issue will not interfere with the bankruptcy court's fact-finding role. Furthermore, resolution at this juncture will increase judicial efficiency by ensuring that, upon remand, the bankruptcy court will need to calculate the Scholzes' projected disposable income only once. We have found jurisdiction proper in similar circumstances when resolution of a central legal issue would “materially aid the bankruptcy court in reaching its disposition on remand.” Dawson v. Washington Mutual Bank, F.A. (In re Dawson), 390 F.3d 1139, 1145–46 (9th Cir.2004) (asserting jurisdiction over an appeal concerning the availability of a particular form of damages to ensure that the bankruptcy court would perform the correct calculation on remand).

With respect to the remaining two factors, neither party has raised the prospect of irreparable harm, and there is no particular risk of piecemeal litigation because the bankruptcy court's task on remand would have been primarily a computational one. We see no indication that the bankruptcy court's recalculation of the Scholzes' current monthly income and projected disposable income would be likely to generate new issues for appeal. See Saxman v. Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp. (In re Saxman), 325 F.3d 1168, 1171–72 (9th Cir.2003) (asserting jurisdiction over an appeal from an order remanding for calculation of the amount the debtor could reasonably pay per month without suffering undue hardship). Accordingly, there are substantial benefits to exercising jurisdiction now and no apparent countervailing reasons for declining to do so.

III

We can now turn back to the statute at issue. The RRA states, as noted before, that payment of RRA annuities may not be “anticipated.” 45 U.S.C. § 231m(a). The term “anticipated” is not defined, and no legislative history sheds light on its meaning. The Scholzes urge us to construe the term in this sense: We “anticipate” something by expecting a future event to occur and acting in accordance with that expectation. (For example, we might “anticipate” a pay raise at the end of the year by moving into a more expensive apartment.) If that definition were applied here, a court would impermissibly “anticipate” RRA annuity income by expecting that income to be paid in the future and calculating projected...