Miller v. Com., 0427-86-2

• Decision Date: 01 September 1987
• Docket Number: No. 0427-86-2,0427-86-2
• Citation: 359 S.E.2d 841,5 Va.App. 22
• Court: Virginia Court of Appeals
• Parties: Chris Reynard MILLER v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia. Record

Page 841

359 S.E.2d 841

5 Va.App. 22

Chris Reynard MILLER v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.

Record No. 0427-86-2.

Court of Appeals of Virginia.

Sept. 1, 1987.

Gary L. Denton (Beale, Wright, Denton, Balfour & Davidson, P.C., Richmond, on brief), for appellant.

Leah A. Darron, Asst. Atty. Gen. (Mary Sue Terry, Atty. Gen., on brief), for appellee.

Present: BENTON, COLE and KEENAN, JJ.

COLE, Judge.

Chris Reynard Miller was tried by jury and convicted of malicious wounding and use of a firearm in the commission of a felony in violation of Code §§ 18.2-51 and 18.2-53.1. On appeal, he contends that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of unlawful wounding. We agree and reverse the conviction.

On the morning of January 19, 1986, the victim purchased a package of heroin from Miller for $25. Later, the victim became angry when he realized that the amount of heroin in the package "wasn't enough ... to use." He approached Miller in a convenience store and started a fight with him. No weapons were involved and after about thirty seconds a security guard broke up the fight. The victim then went to talk to a friend of his in the parking lot while Miller walked across the street toward a crowd of people. Miller asked for and obtained a gun from one of the bystanders in the crowd who also showed him how to fire the automatic handgun. Several people in the crowd tried unsuccessfully to restrain Miller as he walked toward the victim and fired two shots. Approximately one or two minutes elapsed between the time the fight ended and the shooting occurred. The first shot missed, but the second shot struck the victim in the side and spinal cord, causing permanent paralysis. During the trial Miller admitted that he shot the victim because he was angry and because he "wanted to get even." The trial court refused to instruct the jury on unlawful wounding and Miller was convicted of malicious wounding and use of a firearm in the commission of that offense.

If there is any evidence that would support a conviction for the lesser included offense, the trial court must, upon request of counsel, instruct the jury as to the lesser included offense. See, e.g., Barrett v. Commonwealth, 231 Va. 102, 107, 341 S.E.2d 190, 193 (1986); McClung v. Commonwealth, 215 Va. 654, 657, 212 S.E.2d 290, 292 (1975). An instruction, however, must be based on more than a scintilla of evidence. Gibson v. Commonwealth, 216 Va. 412, 417, 219 S.E.2d 845, 849 (1975), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 994, 96 S.Ct. 2207, 48 L.Ed.2d 819 (1976).

Code § 18.2-51 provides:

If any person maliciously shoot, stab, cut, or wound any person or by any means cause him bodily injury, with the intent to maim, disfigure, disable, or kill, he shall, except where it is otherwise provided, be guilty of a Class 3 felony. If such act be done unlawfully but not maliciously, with the intent aforesaid, the offender shall be guilty of a Class 6 felony.

Unlawful wounding is a lesser included offense of malicious wounding. The element of malice constitutes the distinction between malicious and unlawful wounding. See Barrett, 231 Va. at 105-106, 341 S.E.2d at 192. In this case, the trial court gave the following instruction defining the term "maliciously:"

[I]ntentionally doing a wrongful act to another without legal excuse or justification. Maliciously implies that the mind of the actor is under the control of reason. It excludes heat of passion. Malice and heat of passion cannot co-exist. It includes not only anger, hatred or revenge, but every unlawful or unjustifiable motive.

Malice may be inferred from any willful, deliberate and cruel act against another.

See II Virginia Model Jury Instructions, Criminal 73 (1986); Thomas v. Commonwealth, 186 Va. 131, 139, 41 S.E.2d 476, 480 (1947).

We must determine whether there is any evidence in the record to indicate that Miller acted in the "heat of passion" and without malice. Where a defendant produces evidence that he acted in the heat of passion, he is entitled to an instruction on the lesser offense of unlawful wounding. If the evidence as a whole raises a reasonable doubt that he acted maliciously, he is entitled to a verdict on the lesser charge. See Hodge v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 338, 345, 228 S.E.2d 692, 697 (1976). Heat of passion may result when one is provoked to fear or rage or both. See McClung, 215 Va. at 657, 212 S.E.2d at 292. In order to determine whether the accused acted in the heat of passion, it is necessary to consider the nature and degree of provocation as well as the manner in which it was resisted. Ballard v. Commonwealth, 156 Va. 980, 993, 159 S.E. 222, 226 (1931); Richardson v. Commonwealth, 128 Va. 691, 695, 104 S.E. 788, 790 (1920); Read's Case, 63 Va. (22 Gratt.) 924, 939 (1872). If...