Mirra v. United States

• Decision Date: 01 November 1968
• Docket Number: Docket 32509.,No. 100,100
• Citation: 402 F.2d 888
• Parties: Anthony MIRRA, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

402 F.2d 888 (1968)

Anthony MIRRA, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 100, Docket 32509.

United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.

Submitted October 3, 1968.

Decided November 1, 1968.

Anthony Mirra, pro se.

Douglas S. Liebhafsky, Asst. U. S. Atty. (Robert M. Morgenthau, U. S., Atty. for the Southern District of New York, David A. Luttinger and Charles P. Sifton, Asst. U. S. Attys., on the brief), for appellee.

Before LUMBARD, Chief Judge and KAUFMAN and HAYS, Circuit Judges.

LUMBARD, Chief Judge:

On June 26, 1962, appellant Anthony Mirra was sentenced, without a jury trial, to a term of one year for criminal contempt by Judge MacMahon of the Southern District of New York. In 1966, after Mirra had exhausted all of his appellate remedies, the Supreme Court decided in Cheff v. Schnackenberg, 384 U.S. 373, 86 S.Ct. 1523, 16 L.Ed.2d 629 (1966), that federal courts could not impose criminal contempt sentences of more than six months unless the defendant had been afforded a jury trial. We have applied this rule in two cases which were on direct appeal at the time Cheff was decided. United States v. Harris, 367 F.2d 826 (2d Cir. 1966); United States v. Ferrara, 377 F.2d 16 (2d Cir. 1967). Judge MacMahon denied on May 1, 1968, appellant's motion that his criminal contempt sentence be vacated. This appeal raises the question of whether the rule of Cheff should be applied retroactively to cases which had become final before it was rendered.

We hold that Cheff should be applied retroactively since to do so will not unduly disrupt the administration of justice. Accordingly, we modify the order of June 26, 1962, to reduce appellant's criminal contempt sentence to a period of six months; appellant is granted a credit of six months against the term which he is now serving.

The Supreme Court has established three criteria to be applied in determining whether a decision declaring new doctrines in the area of criminal law should be applied only prospectively:

"(a) the purpose to be served by the new standards, (b) the extent of the reliance by law enforcement authorities on the old standards, and (c) the effect on the administration of justice of a retroactive application of the new standards." Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 297, 87 S.Ct. 1967, 1970, 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 (1967).

Since this court in the Harris and Ferrara cases, supra, has already decided that Cheff should be applied retroactively to cases which were on direct appeal at the time it was decided, the real question before us is whether the criteria outlined in Stovall v. Denno should cause us to hold differently with respect to cases which had become final before Cheff. We note at the outset that the Supreme Court, in a case involving the application of a decision analogous to Cheff, saw "no basis for a distinction between convictions that have become final and cases at various stages of trial and appeal." DeStefano v. Woods, 392 U.S. 631, 635 n. 2, 88 S.Ct. 2093, 2096, 20 L.Ed.2d 1308 (1968). See generally United States v. Tarrago, 398 F.2d 621 (2d Cir. July 3, 1968) (Lumbard, C. J., concurring). We see no basis for such a distinction in this case.

The rule in Cheff is not so essential to "the very integrity of the fact-finding process" that its retroactive application is compelled. See generally Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618, 638, 85 S.Ct. 1731, 14 L.Ed.2d 601 (1965); cf. DeStefano v. Woods, 392 U.S. 631, 634-635, 88 S.Ct. 2093 (1968). Thus we must consider the other two criteria established by the Court, those relating to reliance upon the old rule and to the possible disruptive effect of the retroactive application of the new rule. Certainly there can be no distinction between this case and Harris and Ferrara on grounds of reliance. The sentences in both of those cases were imposed before the Supreme Court's decision in Cheff, as is true here.

We come to the criteria which has proven decisive in all Supreme Court decisions giving only prospective effect to a new criminal law standard: Will the retroactive application of Cheff "seriously disrupt the administration of our criminal laws"? Johnson v. State of New Jersey, 384 U.S. 719, 731, 86 S.Ct. 1772, 1780, 16 L.Ed.2d 882 (1966). The answer to this question inheres largely in the types of remedies available to a court to effectuate retroactive application. In cases such as Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618, 85 S.Ct. 1731 (1965), Johnson v. New Jersey, 384 U.S. 719, 86 S.Ct. 1772 (1966), and Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 87 S.Ct. 1967 (1967), the Supreme Court could have applied a rule retroactively only at the cost of invalidating large numbers of criminal convictions. In each of these instances it would have been necessary to retry hundreds of prisoners despite the possible loss of witnesses and evidence decisive in the original trials; failing the necessary evidence they would have been released. Prospective application was virtually compelled by these circumstances.

The same was true with respect to DeStefano v. Woods, 392 U.S. 631, 88 S.Ct. 2093 (1968). In that case the court refused to apply retroactively Bloom v. State of Illinois, 391 U.S. 194, 88 S.Ct. 1477, 20 L.Ed.2d 1522 (1968), which held that the constitutional right to a jury trial extends to both federal and state trials for serious criminal contempts. Retroactive application of Bloom, the court noted, would involve "invalidating all serious contempt convictions," thus causing substantial "adverse effects on the administration of justice * * *." 392 U.S. at 635, 88 S.Ct. at 2096.

The situation of those who received federal contempt sentences, without a jury trial, prior to Cheff v. Schnackenberg stands upon a very different...