Mississippi River Revival v. City of Minneapolis

• Decision Date: 07 February 2003
• Docket Number: No. 01-2511.,01-2511.
• Parties: MISSISSIPPI RIVER REVIVAL, INC.; West Side River Watch, Inc.; Mississippi Corridor Neighborhood Coalition, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. CITY OF MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA; City of St. Paul, Minnesota, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Intervenor on Appeal.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

319 F.3d 1013

MISSISSIPPI RIVER REVIVAL, INC.; West Side River Watch, Inc.; Mississippi Corridor Neighborhood Coalition, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. CITY OF MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA; City of St. Paul, Minnesota, Defendants-Appellees,

United States of America, Intervenor on Appeal.

No. 01-2511.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: October 10, 2002.

Filed: February 7, 2003.

Rehearing Denied: April 10, 2003.

Richard Brian Bates, argued, St. Paul, MN, for appellant.

Peter G. Mikhail, argued, St. Paul, MN (Clayton M. Robinson, on the brief), for appellee, City of St. Paul.

Core M. Conover, argued, Minneapolis, MN (Jay M. Heffer, on the brief), for appellee, City of Minneapolis.

R. Justin Smith, argued, Washington, DC (Thomas L. Sansonetti, Greer S. Goldman and David Shilton, on the brief), for U.S. as intervenor.

Before LOKEN, BEAM, and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.

LOKEN, Circuit Judge.

Three environmental organizations brought citizen suits against the Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul alleging that the Cities were violating the Clean Water Act by discharging storm waters through their storm sewer systems without required permits. After the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) issued storm water permits, the district court¹ dismissed the complaints as moot, including plaintiffs' claims for civil penalties. Miss. River Revival, Inc. v. City of Minneapolis, 145 F.Supp.2d 1062, 1065-67 (D.Minn.2001). The court also denied plaintiffs' motion to amend their complaints to allege that the new permits do not meet all Clean Water Act requirements. Plaintiffs appeal those rulings. Because the Cities' alternative defense challenged the constitutionality of the Act as applied, the United States has intervened on appeal to support the district court's dismissal. We affirm.

I.

The Clean Water Act prohibits the discharge of any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters unless the discharge complies with the terms of an NPDES permit. See 33 U.S.C. §§ 1311(a), 1342; City of Milwaukee v. Illinois, 451 U.S. 304, 310-11, 101 S.Ct. 1784, 68 L.Ed.2d 114 (1981).² NPDES permits establish discharge conditions aimed at maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters. See 33 U.S.C. § 1251(a); EPA v. California ex rel. State Water Res. Control Bd., 426 U.S. 200, 202-09, 96 S.Ct. 2022, 48 L.Ed.2d 578 (1976). For point sources located in the State of Minnesota, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has delegated its NPDES permitting authority to the MPCA. See 33 U.S.C. § 1342(c); 39 Fed.Reg. 26,061 (July 16, 1974); Minn. Stat. § 115.03, subd. 5.

In the Water Quality Act of 1987, Congress amended the Act to require that cities obtain NPDES permits for their separate storm sewer systems. See Pub.L. No. 100-4, 101 Stat. 7, codified at 33 U.S.C. § 1342(p). The amendment established deadlines by which permitting agencies "shall issue or deny each such permit" to cities of various sizes. See § 1342(p)(4). The Cities completed filing timely NPDES storm water permit applications with the MPCA in 1992 and 1993, but the MPCA failed to issue or deny storm water permits within the one year required by the applicable EPA regulation. See 40 C.F.R. § 122.26(e)(7)(ii)-(iii). Not surprisingly, rain and snow continued to fall, resulting in continuing storm water discharges into the Cities' storm sewer systems. The Cities paid the annual permit fees to the MPCA while their permit applications were pending.

Frustrated by the lengthy permitting delay, plaintiffs filed these suits in October 1999 after giving the Cities and the EPA notice of their intent to bring citizen suits under the Clean Water Act. See 33 U.S.C. § 1365(a). Plaintiffs named the Cities and the EPA as defendants but did not join the MPCA. Plaintiffs alleged the Cities were violating the Act by discharging without a permit and the EPA was violating the Act by failing to issue or deny permits within the statutory deadlines. Plaintiffs sought a declaratory judgment, injunctive relief, civil penalties, and an award of costs, attorney's fees, and expert witness fees.

The district court initially dismissed the EPA on the ground that citizen suits may only challenge the agency's failure to perform non-discretionary duties, see 33 U.S.C. § 1365(a)(2), and the EPA has delegated its permitting duty to the MPCA. Miss. River Revival, Inc. v. EPA, 107 F.Supp.2d 1008, 1013 (D.Minn.2000). However, the court criticized the EPA and the MPCA for the unexplained six-year permitting delay. It denied St. Paul's motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim but invited the Cities to seek summary judgment under the liability standard articulated by the Eleventh Circuit in Hughey v. JMS Dev. Corp., 78 F.3d 1523 (11th Cir.1996). 107 F.Supp.2d at 1014-15 & n. 5. A few months later, the MPCA issued NPDES storm water permits to the Cities, and the parties filed cross motions for summary judgment. Plaintiffs also filed their motion to amend, which was untimely under the court's pretrial scheduling order. The district court then issued the rulings at issue on appeal.

II.

The Clean Water Act violations alleged in plaintiffs' complaint were the Cities' continuing discharge of storm waters without NPDES storm water permits. Because permits have now issued, plaintiffs concede that their initial claims for injunctive and declaratory relief are moot. When the plaintiff prevails in a Clean Water Act citizen suit, the district court may "apply any appropriate civil penalties." 33 U.S.C. § 1365(a). Therefore, plaintiffs argue that the Cities are liable for civil penalties for discharging without permits and that these claims are not moot. The Cities and the United States as intervenor respond that plaintiffs' civil penalty claims are moot under the standard adopted by the Supreme Court in Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envt'l Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 189-94, 120 S.Ct. 693, 145 L.Ed.2d 610 (2000). We agree.

The Clean Water Act "does not permit citizen suits for wholly past violations." Gwaltney of Smithfield, Ltd. v. Chesapeake Bay Found., Inc., 484 U.S. 49, 64, 108 S.Ct. 376, 98 L.Ed.2d 306 (1987). Indeed, citizen suit plaintiffs lack Article III standing to recover civil penalties for past violations because the payment of money to the United States Treasury does not redress any injury to them caused by the violations. Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env't, 523 U.S. 83, 106-07, 118 S.Ct. 1003, 140 L.Ed.2d 210 (1998). In Laidlaw, limiting the no-standing rule of Steel Co. to claims for past violations, the Court held that citizen suit plaintiffs do have standing to seek civil penalties for continuing and future violations because "[t]o the extent that [civil penalties] encourage defendants to discontinue current violations and deter them from committing future ones, they afford redress to citizen plaintiffs who are injured or threatened with injury as a consequence of ongoing unlawful conduct." 528 U.S. at 186, 120 S.Ct. 693. However, the Court explained, such a claim is moot "if subsequent events [during the pendency of the lawsuit] made it absolutely clear that the allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur." Id. at 189, 120 S.Ct. 693 (quotation omitted).

In support of their mootness argument, plaintiffs first posit that civil penalties "attach irrevocably to a violator at the time of the violation," and therefore it is "irrelevant whether, at this time, there is no likelihood that the Cities will commit any future violations." This contention simply ignores the above-quoted mootness standard adopted by the Supreme Court in Laidlaw. The Clean Water Act authorizes the EPA to seek civil penalties for past violations, and such a claim would not be mooted by the defendant's subsequent compliance. See Gwaltney, 484 U.S. at 58, 108 S.Ct. 376. But the Act limits citizen suit plaintiffs to remedies that will redress ongoing and future injury, so the Laidlaw mootness standard applies.³

Alternatively, plaintiffs argue that the Cities have not met their heavy burden of establishing mootness under Laidlaw because the Cities are already violating their storm water permits. Therefore, it is not "absolutely clear that the allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur." This contention ignores the limited nature of plaintiffs' claims. The only violations alleged were the Cities' discharges without a permit. There is no evidence that discharges without a permit will resume and overwhelming evidence to the contrary. The Cities timely filed their storm water permit applications and are not alleged to have hindered the MPCA's review of those applications. Thus, the failure to issue permits within the deadlines established by Congress was caused solely by the MPCA's delay in acting. The MPCA has now issued permits. Though the permits have expiration dates, the Cities have a public duty to operate their storm sewer systems, and the Clean Water Act requires the MPCA (or the EPA) to issue storm water permits. We refuse to speculate that these public bodies will allow the resumption of discharges without a permit. Cf. Minn. R. 7001.0160. Thus, the only violations alleged by plaintiffs cannot reasonably be expected to recur.

In addition, plaintiffs argue that claims for civil penalties cannot be moot because "penalties punish a polluter for violating the law." We doubt this argument affects the mootness analysis under Laidlaw. Instead, it goes to the merits of plaintiffs' claim for civil penalties, assuming that claim is not moot. But even if the argument is relevant to the issue of mootness, we conclude it is without merit. The Clean Water Act provides that, "[i]n determining the amount of a civil penalty the court shall consider the seriousness of the violation or violations, the economic benefit (if any) resulting from the violation, any history of such violations, any good-faith efforts...