Mitchell v. State

Decision Date15 December 1995
Docket NumberNo. 20S03-9503-CR-341,20S03-9503-CR-341
Citation659 N.E.2d 112
PartiesArte L. MITCHELL, Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee.
CourtIndiana Supreme Court

DeBRULER, Justice.

Pursuant to a plea bargain, appellant Arte L. Mitchell pleaded guilty to Possession of Cocaine, a Class D felony. Ind.Code Ann. § 35-48-4-6 (West Supp.1994). The trial court entered a judgment of conviction, suspended appellant's one-and-a-half year prison sentence, and placed him on probation for a year. In addition, as part of the sentence, the trial court suspended appellant's driver's license, license plates, and ability to register a motor vehicle. Ind.Code Ann. § 35-48-4-15 (West Supp.1992). Appellant appealed, claiming that the suspension of his driver's license, license plates, and ability to register a vehicle was unconstitutional. The Court of Appeals concluded that such a suspension requires clear and convincing evidence that driving was involved in the criminal conduct and reversed the suspension. Mitchell v. State (1994), Ind.App., 638 N.E.2d 1299. The State petitioned for transfer on a single issue: whether the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution requires that license suspensions under Indiana Code Section 35-48-4-15 be supported by clear and convincing evidence that the operation of a motor vehicle contributed to the commission of the relevant crime. Ind.Appellate Rule 11(B)(2)(d). We granted transfer on March 10, 1995. Ind.Appellate Rule 11(B)(3).

Facts

On September 29, 1992, the State charged appellant with Delivery of Cocaine, a Class B felony. The State alleged a delivery at a home in Elkhart, Indiana, but did not allege that a motor vehicle was involved in any way. Appellant appeared with counsel on February 15, 1993, and entered a preliminary plea of not guilty. On August 2, 1993, both appellant and the State appeared in open court and filed a "Plea Bargain Agreement and Disclosure" whereby appellant agreed to plead guilty to Possession of Cocaine, a Class D felony, with the sentence to be determined by the trial court. At the sentencing hearing on September 13, 1993, the trial court imposed the sentence and suspensions described above. Appellant objected to these suspensions, claiming that they are cruel and that the statute that purports to compel such suspensions is unconstitutional. The parties stipulated, the trial court approved the stipulation, and we assume arguendo that no motor vehicle was connected with either the charged crime or with the crime to which appellant pleaded guilty.

Procedural Due Process

Appellant claims that the procedure used to suspend his operator's license was constitutionally deficient. This Court has wrestled with the nature and dictates of due process before, with varied results. Due process is a flexible concept which calls for such procedural protections as the time, place, and circumstances demand. Wilson v. Bd. of Ind. Employment Sec. Div. (1979), 270 Ind. 302, 309, 385 N.E.2d 438, 444, reh'g denied, cert. denied, 444 U.S. 874, 100 S.Ct. 155, 62 L.Ed.2d 101 (1979). In order to determine the specific dictates of due process in a given situation, it is necessary to balance three distinct factors: (1) the private interest that will be affected by the official action; (2) the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, along with the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and (3) the government's interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirements would entail. Id. at 309-10, 385 N.E.2d at 444 (quoting Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S.Ct. 893, 903, 47 L.Ed.2d 18, 33 (1976)).

In this case, appellant chose to dispose of the charge against him by accepting a plea bargain. In exchange for appellant's plea of guilty to Possession of Cocaine, a Class D felony, the charge of Delivery of Cocaine was dismissed. The plea bargain, however, left sentencing entirely to the discretion of the trial court.

The statute at issue in this case says that if a person is convicted of, inter alia, Possession of Cocaine,

... the court shall, in addition to any other order the court enters, order that the person's:

(1) operator's license be suspended;

(2) existing motor vehicle registrations be suspended; and

(3) ability to register motor vehicles be suspended; by the bureau of motor vehicles for a period specified by the court of at least six (6) months but not more than two (2) years.

Ind.Code Ann. 35-48-4-15(a) (West Supp.1994) (emphasis added). As the plain language of this statute makes clear, when a conviction for one of the predicate offenses has been properly obtained, the trial court must suspend a defendant's driving privileges. The trial court's discretion extends only to the length of the suspension. This statute is unambiguous and we may not interpret a statute which is clear and unambiguous on its face. Morgan County R.E.M.C. v. Indianapolis Power & Light Co. (1973), 260 Ind. 164, 261 Ind. 323, 302 N.E.2d 776, reh'g denied.

Appellant pleaded guilty to Possession of Cocaine but agreed to leave sentencing to the discretion of the trial court. After judgment of conviction was entered upon the plea, appellant received a sentencing hearing as required by the statute. Ind.Code Ann. 35-38-1-4 (West 1986). An effect of Indiana Code 35-48-4-15(a) is to preclude any attempt to argue for a license suspension of less than six months. (It similarly prevents the State from arguing for a license suspension greater than two years.) This is no more constitutionally suspect than any other mandatory sentence, and this Court has clearly enunciated the constitutionality of mandatory, i.e., nonsuspendable, sentences. State v. Palmer (1979), 270 Ind. 493, 496-97, 386 N.E.2d 946, 949-50, after remand, (1981), 275 Ind. 124, 415 N.E.2d 707, reh'g denied. The trial court exercised most of its discretion in favor of appellant and gave him one of the most lenient sentences authorized by law, e.g., the license suspension was for the minimum period permitted by the statute. Once the trial court accepted appellant's plea, it was obligated to suspend appellant's driver's license, license plates, and ability to register a motor vehicle. See generally Reffett v. State (1991), Ind., 571 N.E.2d 1227 (if trial court accepts plea agreement, it is obligated to sentence defendant in accordance with agreement). This provision provides significant procedural safeguards, as one can only have one's driver's license suspended under this statute after a lawful conviction and a full sentencing hearing.

When the three factors, the private interest, risk of erroneous deprivation, and governmental interest, are balanced as required by Wilson, it is clear that there was no violation of appellant's procedural due process rights. Appellant's interest in retaining his operator's license is considerable, but so is the State's interest in imposing criminal punishment. The decision to suspend the defendant's license then relies on the available procedures and, as discussed above, that procedure includes the plea process and a sentencing hearing.

Appellant advances, without citation to authority, the novel position that in spite of the statute's...

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