Morris v. Orleans Parish School Bd.

• Decision Date: 11 December 1989
• Docket Number: No. 89-C-1319,89-C-1319
• Citation: Morris v. Orleans Parish School Bd., 553 So.2d 427 (La. 1989)
• Parties: Sidney MORRIS, Individually and on behalf of the Minor, Sakinah Morris v. ORLEANS PARISH SCHOOL BOARD. 553 So.2d 427, 57 Ed. Law Rep. 1087
• Court: Louisiana Supreme Court

Page 427

553 So.2d 427

Sidney MORRIS, Individually and on behalf of the Minor Sakinah Morris v.ORLEANS PARISH SCHOOL BOARD.

No. 89-C-1319.

553 So.2d 427, 57 Ed. Law Rep. 1087

Supreme Court of Louisiana.

Dec. 11, 1989.

Rehearing Denied Jan. 18, 1990.

Robert L. Rieger, Jr. and George M. Pierson, Baton Rouge, for applicant.

Janet Boles, Boles, Boles & Ryan, Baton Rouge, for appellee.

MARCUS, Justice.

On February 14, 1986, Sakinah Morris, a 12-year-old student at the Agnes Bauduit Elementary School in New Orleans, was running to a water fountain in the school yard during recess when she slipped on wet asphalt underneath the fountain.She fell on her right hip.Although she had never suffered hip problems before, she felt pain in her hip shortly after the fall.Two days later, her father brought her to Charity Hospital where a doctor diagnosed muscle strain and sent her home.She returned to the hospital after two more days of increasing pain.She then had a fever and limitation of motion in her hip.Drs. Charles Murphy and David Neirschwander diagnosed an infection in her right hip joint.They operated to drain the joint and remove the infected substance.Her wound was left open for two weeks and she was kept in traction for about three weeks after the operation.She developed a rash while she was in the hospital, but overall had a good recovery.On March 25, five weeks after the surgery, she was discharged from the hospital on crutches.About two weeks later, she got off the crutches and went back to school.However, she failed school that year.She actively plays sports despite pain in her hip when she runs.She has a four-to-five inch scar on her hip from the surgery.

On August 1, 1985, over six months prior to Sakinah's fall, the Orleans Parish School Board received a request to repair worn gaskets which were leaking water from the water fountain where Sakinah slipped.On December 6, 1985, more than two months before the fall, the school board recorded a second request regarding the same water fountain which "keeps running."This request came from a concerned parent and the school board entitled it a "Request for Emergency Repairs."Additionally, the head custodian at the Agnes Bauduit School was aware for three months before Sakinah's fall that this fountain was continuously stopped up and dripping.He attempted to repair it with a plunger.When that did not work, he turned the water off from a valve underneath the fountain.However, he found that the fountain still leaked when it rained.Cracks in the asphalt prevented the leaking water from flowing off freely.Therefore, on or about November 18, 1985, almost three months before the fall, he called the school board to say that he was sending a requisition for repairs via the principal's office.For safety reasons, he considered such a requisition to be an emergency request.Despite these requests, the school board did not work on the fountain until April 14-18, 1986, about two months after Sakinah fell.

Mr. Morris, individually and on behalf of his daughter, Sakinah, brought suit against the Orleans Parish School Board to recover damages for the negligence of the school board in causing the accident.The school board answered generally denying the allegations of plaintiff's petition.The State Department of Health and Human Resources intervened to recover medical expenses in the amount of $8,537.70.At trial, it was stipulated by the parties that in the event of a favorable judgment for plaintiff, the intervention in that amount would be recognized as part of the judgment.The trial judge rendered judgment in favor of Mr. Morris on behalf of his daughter, Sakinah, in the amount of $40,000 and individually for $8,538.70 for medical expenses due Charity Hospital and against the Orleans Parish School Board.Because the judge found Sakinah ten percent comparatively negligent, he reduced the awards by ten percent.The school board appealed.The court of appeal reversed, finding that plaintiff failed to prove that Sakinah's fall caused the infection in her hip joint.Whether the school board was negligent was pretermitted.¹Upon plaintiff's application, we granted certiorari to review the correctness of that decision.²

The issues presented for our determination are (1) whether the school board was negligent; (2) if so, whether Sakinah's fall caused the infection in her hip joint; and (3) if so, whether the damages awarded by the trial judge were proper.

The standard of conduct required of persons in Louisiana in their relationships with one another as a basis of delictual liability is set forth in La.Civ.Code arts. 2315 and 2316.

Article 2315 provides in pertinent part:

Every act whatever of man that causes damage to another obliges him by whose fault it happened to repair it.

Article 2316 provides:

Every person is responsible for the damage he occasions not merely by his act, but by his negligence, his imprudence, or his want of skill.

Accordingly, under these articles the elements of a cause of action are fault, causation, and damage.The conduct of which the plaintiff complains must be a cause-in-fact of the harm.After determining causation, the court must also determine what was the duty imposed on defendant, and whether the risk which caused the accident was within the scope of the duty.A breach of a duty on the part of the defendant which was imposed to protect against the risk involved makes the offender negligent under the above articles.St. Hill v. Tabor, 542 So.2d 499(La.1989).

In the instant case, Sakinah testified that there was a "lot of water" underneath the water fountain where she slipped and fell.She fell during recess after having lunch and running out to the school yard.Thus, her fall occurred at a time and place in which students are likely to run and could easily slip on wet asphalt.Under the circumstances, we find that the school board's conduct in allowing these conditions to exist constituted a contributing cause of Sakinah's fall."Defendant's conduct need not be the sole cause of the harm but it must be a necessary antecedent.Stated another way, if plaintiff can show he probably would not have suffered damages, absent defendant's conduct, he has carried his burden of proving cause in fact."Gibson v. Faubion Truck Lines, Inc., 427 So.2d 68, 71(La.App. 4th Cir.1983).Accordingly, we find that the school board's conduct was a cause-in-fact of the fall.

Next, we consider the extent of the school board's duty to its students."A duty, in negligence cases, may be defined as an obligation, to which the law will give recognition and effect, to conform to a particular standard of conduct toward another."Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts (5th ed. 1984)."The standard of care for school teachers and administrators is that of a...