Morrison v. United States, 79-117.

• Decision Date: 16 June 1980
• Docket Number: No. 79-117.,79-117.
• Citation: 417 A.2d 409
• Parties: Leonard MORRISON, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES, Appellee.
• Court: D.C. Court of Appeals

417 A.2d 409

Leonard MORRISON, Appellant, v.UNITED STATES, Appellee.

No. 79-117.

District of Columbia Court of Appeals.

Submitted March 25, 1980.

Decided June 16, 1980.

Rehearing En Banc Denied August 1, 1980.

Enid Hinkes, Washington, D. C., appointed by the court, was on the brief for appellant.

Carl S. Rauh, U. S. Atty., Washington, D. C., when the brief was filed, John A. Terry, Reggie B. Walton, and Bobara E. Liles, Asst. U. S. Attys., Washington, D. C., were on the brief for appellee.

Before NEWMAN, Chief Judge, HARRIS, Associate Judge, and PAIR, Associate Judge, Retired.

PAIR, Associate Judge, Retired:

A jury convicted appellant of first degree burglary while armed (D.C.Code 1973, § 22-1801); armed robbery (D.C.Code 1973, § 22-2901); and assault with a dangerous weapon (D.C.Code 1973, § 22-502).Because a pistol was employed in the burglary and robbery, appellant was subjected to the enhanced penalty provision of D.C.Code 1973, § 22-3202.¹Appellant was convicted also of carrying the pistol without a license in violation of D.C.Code 1973, § 22-3204.

Urging reversal of the judgments of conviction, appellant makes two claims: (1) that the trial court erred in denying his motions to suppress photographic and lineup identifications as impermissibly suggestive; and (2) that the government failed to establish as an essential element of its proof that the pistol carried was operable.We find the claims to be without merit and affirm all convictions.

I

On January 29, 1978, at approximately 2:00 P.M., Evelyn Lewis was inside her house at 1604 4th Street, N.W. with her children, James and Antoinette Ford, when there was a knock on her door.James Ford responded and three men, each carrying a handgun, rushed into the house.James Ford was forced back into the living room and ordered to lie on his stomach on the floor, and appellant remained in the living room guarding him with a gun while the other two men went into the adjoining bedroom where Mrs. Lewis and her daughter, Antoinette, were seated.The two men searched the bedroom as appellant stood guard in the doorway between the two rooms.During the search of the bedroom, the gun of one of the two men was discharged.The men seized approximately $250.00, and after about ten to fifteen minutes, left the house with appellant.

Shortly after the robbery, the police were given descriptions of the three men.Antoinette and James Ford told the police that they recognized appellant as someone they had known as "Bay Brother."They knew him from association at the Dunbar Recreation Center.James Ford had seen appellant at the Center at least twice a week over a four-year period, and, on occasions, talked and played basketball with him.

Antoinette Ford was taken to police headquarters on the day of the robbery, was shown nine photographs from the "Bay Brother" file kept by the police, and recognized appellant's photograph as the person who stood guard between the two rooms as his companions robbed her and her mother in the bedroom.On February 3, 1978, both James and Antoinete Ford identified appellant from a ten-man lineup as one of the participants in the burglary and robbery.On February 21, Mrs. Lewis was shown a photograph of the lineup in her home, and she also identified appellant as a participant.

Pretrial, appellant moved to suppress the identification evidence.A suppression hearing was held, at which there was testimony by Mrs. Lewis, her children, the uniformed police officers who first investigated the robbery complaint, and the detective who conducted the photographic confrontation for Antoinette Ford.The trial court, unable to find that the confrontations were in any way suggestive, denied appellant's motions to suppress both the photographic and the lineup identifications.

The identification testimony was introduced at trial, together with positive incourt identifications from the three witnesses.The government then established by competent evidence that appellant was not on the day of the robbery possessed of a license to carry a pistol in the District of Columbia.Both at the close of the government's case and at the end of all the evidence, appellant's counsel moved for judgment of acquittal.The motion was denied as to all counts except one count of assault with a dangerous weapon on Antoinette Ford.This appeal followed.

II

Appellant first contends that the photographic and lineup identifications should have been suppressed as impermissibly suggestive.The test for determining its admissibility is whether the out-of-court identification procedures were "so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification."Simmons v. United States,390 U.S. 377, 384, 88 S.Ct. 967, 971, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247(1968).Accord, Manson v. Brathwaite,432 U.S. 98, 97 S.Ct. 2243, 53 L.Ed.2d 140(1977);Sheffield v. United States, D.C.App., 397 A.2d 963, cert. denied,441 U.S. 965, 99 S.Ct. 2414, 60 L.Ed.2d 1071(1979);Ellis v. United States, D.C.App., 395 A.2d 404(1978).Upon review of the record, we find nothing to support the claim that appellant was denied due process.Antoinette Ford selected appellant's picture from an array of nine photographs shown to her on the same day as the robbery.Furthermore, it was not improper for Detective Webb to begin his investigation with a display of photographs from the "Bay Brother" file, since the witness told police she had recognized one of the robbers as "Bay Brother."Both Antoinette and James Ford testified that there was no attempt to suggest which man to pick from the lineup arranged by the police five days after the robbery.Mrs. Lewis also had ample opportunity to consider, uninfluenced, the photograph of the lineup, and she again identified appellant.We hold, therefore, that the trial court did not err in concluding that the identification procedures were not impermissibly suggestive.

III

Appellant's final contention is that his conviction on the weapons charge was erroneous because the government did not establish that the pistol he held during the commission of the crimes was operable.D.C.Code 1973, § 22-3204 provides in pertinent part:

No person shall within the District of Columbia carry either openly or concealed on or about his person, except in his dwelling house or place of business or on other land possessed by him, a pistol, without a license therefor issued as hereinafter provided . . .

The statute does not declare operability to be an element of the offense.However, there are dicta in cases decided by this court which have had the effect of writing into the statute a requirement that the government establish as an essential element of its proof that the pistol carried was operable.See, e. g., Rouse v. United States, D.C.App., 402 A.2d 1218, 1221(1979);Jackson v. United States, D.C.App., 395 A.2d 99, 103 n. 3(1978);Anderson v. United States, D.C.App., 326 A.2d 807, 811(1974), cert. denied,420 U.S. 978, 95 S.Ct. 1405, 43 L.Ed.2d 659(1975).²In addition to this, the trial court instructed the jury in the language of Criminal Jury Instructions for the District of Columbia, No. 4.81 (3d ed. 1978) that the government must establish as an essential element of its proof that the gun was operable.The crucial question, therefore, is whether there was evidence from which the jury could have found, as instructed by the trial court, that the pistol involved in the armed burglary, robbery and assaults was in fact operable.

Given the elements of the offense as stated, we now consider whether appellant's motion for judgment of acquittal on the weapons count should have been granted by the trial court.On a motion for judgment of acquittal, the trial court and this court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government's position.Stewart v. United States, D.C. App., 383 A.2d 330, 331(1978);Calhoun v. United States, D.C.App., 369 A.2d 605, 607(1977);Crawford v. United States,126 U.S. App.D.C. 156, 158, 375 F.2d 332, 334(1967).The trial court's decision to deny such a motion is reversible only if it can be shown that "there is no evidence upon which a reasonable person might fairly conclude guilt beyond a reasonable doubt."Cunningham v. United States, D.C.App., 408 A.2d 1240, 1242(1979);seeCrawford, supra.Here, there was, in our view, ample evidence to prove the elements of the substantive offense.The government established through eyewitness testimony that appellant was armed with a...