Morton v. State, 5 Div. 713

• Decision Date: 20 March 1984
• Docket Number: 5 Div. 713
• Citation: 452 So.2d 1361
• Parties: John Pervie MORTON v. STATE.
• Court: Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals

Page 1361

452 So.2d 1361

John Pervie MORTON v. STATE.

5 Div. 713.

Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama.

March 20, 1984.

Rehearing Denied April 24, 1984.

Certiorari Denied June 22, 1984

Alabama Supreme Court 83-818.

Michael D. Cook, Lanett, for appellant.

Charles A. Graddick, Atty. Gen., and Jane LeCroy Brannan, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee.

HUBERT TAYLOR, Judge.

Appellant, John Pervie Morton, was convicted of possession of cocaine in violation of the Alabama Uniformed Controlled Substances Act. Sentence was six years and a fine of $1000 imposed. Issues concerning search and seizure are raised on appeal.

Morton, while driving along a highway, was clocked with radar by Officer William Weaver of the Opelika Police Department. Weaver determined that Morton was speeding. Morton stopped in the parking lot of a commercial business, then got out of his car. Weaver had arrested Morton two years earlier for cocaine charges and so recognized him once he pulled over (Morton had been found not guilty on that charge).

Weaver checked with his dispatcher and found that Morton's driver's license had been revoked, so he charged Morton with "speeding" and "driving while revoked." A two-man unit was called to the scene so that Morton and his automobile could be taken to the Opelika City Police Station because, as Weaver testified, "It's required by the City of Opelika that a bond be made on 'Driving Revoked.' " One of the backup officers drove Weaver's patrol car and Morton to the station, while Weaver drove Morton's car. While enroute to the station, Weaver noticed a bank bag underneath the front seat. He also looked behind the car's sun visors.

Weaver took the bank bag out of the car, carried it into the station, and there removed its contents. Along with address books, bank books, and other papers, there were five small cellophane containers which held what Weaver believed to be cocaine. Morton was immediately arrested for possession of cocaine. Weaver called a narcotics detective and asked him to come to the station. Once at the station, the detective was shown the contents of the bank bag. Weaver and the detective then conducted a very thorough search of Morton's car, which the police characterized as an inventory search. A small amount of cocaine was found in a bottle found inside an armrest located in the middle of the seat. The material in the cellophane turned out not to be a controlled substance.

The question in this case is whether the police had the authority to impound Morton's vehicle. If the seizure was improper, the fruits of any subsequent search are due to be suppressed. An automobile may be impounded when it is reasonable under the circumstances or there is no reasonable alternative (Jones v. State, 407 So.2d 870 (Ala.Cr.App.1981)), or under authority of statute.

The propriety of the impoundment is, of course, grounded on the propriety of the initial arrest. In the case sub judice, Morton was improperly placed under custodial arrest. The traffic violations charged against Morton are commonly known as "speeding" and "driving while revoked," which are both misdemeanors. See §§ 32-5A-8, 32-6-19, Code of Alabama 1975. In turn, § 32-1-4, Code of Alabama 1975, reads in part as follows:

"(a) Whenever any person is arrested for a violation of any provision of this title [Title 32] punishable as a misdemeanor, the arresting officer shall, unless otherwise provided in this section, take the name and address of such person and the license number of his motor vehicle and issue a summons or otherwise notify him in writing to appear at a time and place to be specified in such summons or notice .... Such officer shall thereupon and upon the giving by such person of a sufficient written bond, approved by the arresting officer, to appear at such time and place, forthwith release him from custody. Any person refusing to give such bond to appear shall be taken immediately by the arresting officer before the nearest or most accessible magistrate....

"(c) Any officer violating any of the provisions of this section shall be guilty of misconduct in office and shall be subject to removal from office." (Emphasis ours.)

The clear import of this section is that the police have no authority to take a motorist into custody and then require him to go to the local stationhouse when that motorist has committed a misdemeanor traffic violation but is willing to sign the summons to court. This interpretation is supported by Daniels v. State, 416 So.2d 760, 765 (Ala.Cr.App.1982), in which this court said, "Except for the exceptions provided by Section 32-1-4(b), a person arrested for a misdemeanor traffic violation is not subject to further detention for that offense once the arresting officer has obtained the necessary information and given the motorist the 'summons or notice' to appear." See also Gaskin v. State, 338 So.2d 1041 (Ala.Cr.App.1976). This statute requires strict compliance by the arresting officer as is evidenced by the penalty provisions of sub-section "c."

Without question, a person who is subject only to a non-custodial arrest may not have his property seized on the basis of that same arrest. Absent some extenuating circumstances, such a seizure would be unreasonable and in violation of the Fourth Amendment. The statutory language which sets out the penalty for driving with a revoked license is specific and unambiguous. There is no provision for the seizure of property when § 32-6-19 is violated. Additionally, since Morton should not have been taken into custody, there was no need for the police to "protect" the car by impounding it.

It was not illegal for Morton to possess or own the car simply because he did not have the proper identification; if it were otherwise, the police would be justified in taking the car from his front yard. The police may have felt justified in taking the car because of their suspicion that Morton was going to break the law sometime in the future by driving away in the car. Although this may have been a well founded suspicion on their part in Morton's case, the judiciary of this country does not sanction the use of pre-emptive seizures to thwart suspected future criminal activity. An individual finding himself stopped under these same circumstances cannot legally be placed under a custodial arrest, and, therefore, it is just as probable as not that the average law abiding citizen will make the proper arrangements for the care of his vehicle and it cannot be presumed that he will do otherwise.

Nor were the police justified in impounding the vehicle under color of authority of § 32-5A-139, Code of Alabama 1975, since it was legally parked upon private property, creating no safety risk to the public. It was not stolen, the driver was able to provide for its custody, and the driver was not required to be taken before a magistrate.

Lastly, it must be determined if the impoundment could be justified as reasonable under the circumstances. Jones, supra. It has been held that the police have an inherent authority to impound vehicles, aside from statutory authority based on what is called the community caretaking function. Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 93 S.Ct. 2523, 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973); South Dakota v. Opperman, 428 U.S. 364, 96 S.Ct. 3092, 49 L.Ed.2d 1000 (1976). That function was explained as follows:

"In the interests of public safety ... automobiles are frequently taken into police custody.... To permit the uninterrupted flow of traffic and in some circumstances to preserve evidence, disabled or damaged vehicles will often be...