Murphy v. State of Ark.
| Decision Date | 15 October 1997 |
| Docket Number | Nos. 96-2921,96-3062,s. 96-2921 |
| Citation | 127 F.3d 750 |
| Parties | 75 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. (BNA) 167 Ronald M. MURPHY, Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant. v. STATE OF ARKANSAS; Ark. Employment Security Department; Ark. Department of Finance and Administration; Phil Price; William D. Gaddy; Bob Morgan; Larry Hiett; Hugh Havens; Richard Weiss; Artee Williams, Defendants-Appellants/Cross-Appellees. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit |
Patricia Van Ausdall, Assistant Attorney General, Little Rock, AR, argued, for appellant.
Peter B. Heister, Little Rock, AR, argued (Barbara W. Webb and Christopher O. Parker, Little Rock, AR, on the brief), for appellee.
Before BEAM, Circuit Judge, HENLEY, Senior Circuit Judge, and LOKEN, Circuit Judge.
Former Arkansas employee Ronald M. Murphy commenced this action seeking equitable relief and damages from the State of Arkansas, two state agencies, and seven state officials. Murphy alleged that he was wrongfully terminated by the Arkansas Employment Security Department on account of his race and age in violation of Title VII and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. He asserted claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violations of his First Amendment, due process, and equal protection rights. He also asserted pendent state law claims under the Arkansas Civil Rights Act and for libel, tortious interference with contract, outrage, and wrongful discharge. At the close of discovery, the district court 1 granted defendants' motion for summary judgment dismissing all of Murphy's claims. Murphy then filed a motion to reconsider, and the court reinstated his § 1983 equal protection claims and his pendent claims under the Arkansas Civil Rights Act. Defendants appeal this partial denial of summary judgment, arguing they are entitled to Eleventh Amendment and qualified immunity. Murphy cross-appeals the dismissal of his remaining claims. We affirm in part the denial of summary judgment and dismiss the cross-appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
After defendants moved for summary judgment, the district court entered an order dismissing the Title VII and ADEA claims as time-barred and dismissing all the pendent claims without prejudice. The district court's docket sheet records this May 9, 1996, order as "terminating [the] case," making it a final order for appeal purposes. See Goodwin v. United States, 67 F.3d 149, 151 (8th Cir.1995). Recognizing that his entire lawsuit was thus in jeopardy, Murphy filed a timely motion to alter or amend the judgment, pointing out to the district court that its May 9 order did not address his § 1983 claims. Responding to that motion, the district court issued a June 19 order rejecting defendants' claim of Eleventh Amendment immunity and reinstating Murphy's § 1983 equal protection claims on the ground that defendants are not entitled to summary judgment dismissing those claims on qualified immunity grounds. The court also reinstated pendent state law claims under the Arkansas Civil Rights Act "[a]s a matter of judicial economy," a ruling not at issue on appeal. Defendants appealed the district court's Eleventh Amendment and qualified immunity rulings, and Murphy filed a cross-appeal from the May 9 order. Both sides raise jurisdictional issues.
A. We agree with defendants that we lack jurisdiction over Murphy's cross-appeal. 2 The May 9 order was an appealable final order. However, by reinstating some of Murphy's claims, the June 19 order changed the essential nature of the May 9 order. The combined effect of both orders is a non-appealable grant of partial summary judgment dismissing some of Murphy's claims. We have jurisdiction over defendants' appeal only if it is a proper interlocutory appeal of the Eleventh Amendment and qualified immunity rulings. We have jurisdiction over Murphy's cross-appeal only if it is properly pendent to the interlocutory appeal, that is, if the cross-appeal issues are "inextricably intertwined" with the issues of Eleventh Amendment and qualified immunity. See Swint v. Chambers County Comm'n, 514 U.S. 35, 50-51, 115 S.Ct. 1203, 1212, 131 L.Ed.2d 60 (1995); Kincade v. City of Blue Springs, 64 F.3d 389, 394 (8th Cir.1995), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 116 S.Ct. 1565, 134 L.Ed.2d 665 (1996). In the cross-appeal, Murphy argues that his Title VII and ADEA claims were improperly dismissed as time-barred and that his remaining pendent claims should be reinstated. These issues are not in the least bit intertwined with issues of Eleventh Amendment and qualified immunity. Therefore, the cross-appeal must be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. See Erickson v. Holloway, 77 F.3d 1078, 1081 (8th Cir.1996).
B. Relying on Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 312-16, 115 S.Ct. 2151, 2156-57, 132 L.Ed.2d 238 (1995), Murphy argues that we lack jurisdiction to review the district court's interlocutory qualified immunity ruling because it was based upon a genuine issue of material fact, namely, whether defendants discriminated against Murphy on account of his race. However, even if the underlying claims raise genuine issues of material fact, we have interlocutory jurisdiction to consider the primary qualified immunity issue of law--"whether, in view of the facts that the district court deemed sufficiently supported for summary judgment purposes, the individual defendants' conduct was objectively reasonable given their knowledge and the clearly established law." Waddell v. Forney 108 F.3d 889, 890 (8th Cir.1997); see Behrens v. Pelletier, 516 U.S. 299, ----, 116 S.Ct. 834, 842, 133 L.Ed.2d 773 (1996).
Defendants argue that the district court erred in concluding that Murphy's § 1983 claims are not barred by the Eleventh Amendment. This is an issue that may be raised by interlocutory appeal under the collateral order doctrine. See Puerto Rico Aqueduct & Sewer Auth. v. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 506 U.S. 139, 113 S.Ct. 684, 121 L.Ed.2d 605 (1993). We agree in part with defendants' contention.
First, it is well settled that the Eleventh Amendment bars Murphy's § 1983 claims against the State of Arkansas and its two agencies, the Employment Security Department and the Department of Finance and Administration. See Quern v. Jordan, 440 U.S. 332, 99 S.Ct. 1139, 59 L.Ed.2d 358 (1979); Alabama v. Pugh, 438 U.S. 781, 98 S.Ct. 3057, 57 L.Ed.2d 1114 (1978). Thus, the district court erred in reinstating the § 1983 equal protection claims against these defendants.
Second, § 1983 damage claims against the seven individual defendants acting in their official capacities are likewise barred, either by the Eleventh Amendment or because in these capacities they are not "persons" for § 1983 purposes. See Will v. Michigan Dept. of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 109 S.Ct. 2304, 105 L.Ed.2d 45 (1989). However, Murphy's § 1983 equal protection claims also seek equitable relief such as reinstatement as a state employee. State officials acting in their official capacities are § 1983 "persons" when sued for prospective relief, and the Eleventh Amendment does not bar such relief. See Treleven v. University of Minn., 73 F.3d 816, 819 (8th Cir.1996). Thus, the district court should have reinstated only Murphy's § 1983 equal protection claims for prospective relief against the individual defendants acting in their official capacities.
Third, the Eleventh Amendment does not bar damage claims against state officials acting in their personal capacities. However, absent a clear statement that officials are being sued in their personal capacities, "we interpret the complaint as including only official-capacity claims." Egerdahl v. Hibbing Comm. College, 72 F.3d 615, 619 (8th Cir.1995). Murphy's initial complaint contained no such clear statement. Therefore, the individual defendants contended in their motion for summary judgment that the Eleventh Amendment totally bars Murphy's damage claims. Murphy responded by filing a motion for leave to amend his complaint to assert personal capacity claims.
Without ruling on the motion to amend, the district court denied the individual defendants summary judgment on Eleventh Amendment grounds because "defendants cannot seriously argue that they had no notice that they were sued in [their] individual capacities." However, we do not require that personal capacity claims be clearly-pleaded simply to ensure adequate notice to defendants. We also strictly enforce this pleading requirement because "[t]he Eleventh Amendment presents a jurisdictional limit on federal courts in civil rights cases against states and their employees." Nix v. Norman, 879 F.2d 429, 431 (8th Cir.1989); see Wells v. Brown, 891 F.2d 591, 593 (6th Cir.1989). Although other circuits have adopted a more lenient pleading rule, see Biggs v. Meadows, 66 F.3d 56, 59-60 (4th Cir.1995), we believe that our rule is more consistent with the Supreme Court's Eleventh Amendment jurisprudence. In any event, we are bound by Egerdahl and Nix.
Though the district court erred in excusing Murphy's failure to clearly assert personal capacity claims in his initial complaint, that does not resolve the issue. When defendants sought summary judgment on this ground, Murphy moved to amend his complaint. The district court has not ruled on that motion, which is committed to its sound discretion. See Nix, 879 F.2d at 433, n. 3. Given the district court's conclusion that defendants had sufficient notice they were being sued in their personal capacities, we are confident that the district court would grant Murphy leave to amend the complaint to state personal-capacity equal protection claims if we remanded for consideration of that issue. And given the liberality of Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a) regarding amendments, granting such leave to amend would not abuse the court's discretion. See, e.g., Thompson-El v. Jones, 876 F.2d 66, 67 (8th Cir.1989). Thus, we deem the complaint amended and affirm this portion of...
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