Nagel v. Emmons County North Dakota Water Resource Dist.

• Decision Date: 31 July 1991
• Docket Number: No. 900429,900429
• Parties: Alphonse NAGEL, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. EMMONS COUNTY NORTH DAKOTA WATER RESOURCE DISTRICT and Emmons County, North Dakota, by and through its Board of County Commissioners, Defendants and Appellees. Civ.
• Court: North Dakota Supreme Court

Page 46

474 N.W.2d 46

Alphonse NAGEL, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. EMMONS COUNTY NORTH DAKOTA WATER RESOURCE DISTRICT and Emmons County, North Dakota, by and through its Board of County Commissioners Defendants and Appellees.

Civ. No. 900429.

Supreme Court of North Dakota.

July 31, 1991.

Rauleigh D. Robinson, Bismarck, for plaintiff and appellant.

Charles S. Miller, Jr., Fleck, Mather & Strutz, Bismarck, for defendants and appellees.

VANDE WALLE, Justice.

Alphonse Nagel appealed from a judgment of the district court for Emmons County dismissing his complaint in which he sought to enjoin the defendants ¹ from causing his land to be flooded and to collect money damages for harm to his land from previous flooding. We hold that the County acquired a flowage easement by prescription and we affirm the judgment of the district court.

Alphonse Nagel is a landowner in Emmons County, North Dakota. Immediately north of his property lies an east-west road which was upgraded and improved by Emmons County sometime between 1963 and 1965. At the same time, Emmons County upgraded a north-south road which terminated just north of Nagel's property, forming a "T" intersection with the east-west road. To the east of the intersection the County installed a 24-inch culvert running north-south under the east-west road.

Prior to the improvements made on the roads, surface water which accumulated in a drainage area north of Nagel's property would flow in a westerly direction across the north-south road to a grass waterway which was also located north of his property. As a result of the improvements, however, the natural drainage pattern was altered, causing the surface water to flow from the drainage area south through the culvert on to Nagel's property. Nagel admitted that, within one week of completion of the improvement project in 1965, he had actual knowledge of:

a. The work which had been completed and the location of the culvert;

b. The fact that the drainage pattern had been altered as a result; and

c. The fact that his property would suffer damage and be burdened by excess water as a result of the change in the drainage pattern.

In September 1989, approximately 24 years after the natural drainage pattern had been altered, Nagel filed this action in the district court for Emmons County. Nagel testified that with every flow since 1965 an excess of water caused some damage to his property, but that the first substantial damage occurred in 1984. Nagel sought a mandatory injunction against the defendants, prohibiting the flooding of his lands. Nagel also sought monetary compensation for the damage resulting from the flooding since 1986.

After a trial without a jury, the trial court ordered judgment against Nagel. The court concluded that Emmons County had acquired a flowage easement by prescription which bars Nagel's action. Nagel challenges that conclusion and the resulting implications on this appeal. We note that conclusions of law are fully reviewable on appeal. See Matter of Estate of Zent, 459 N.W.2d 795 (N.D.1990).

In challenging the trial court's conclusion that he is barred from taking this action, Nagel relies heavily on Rynestad v. Clemetson, 133 N.W.2d 559 (N.D.1965). In Rynestad, this court held:

"Improperly draining surface water onto the land of another is an injury for which action may be maintained by the person having title to, or possession of, the property onto which the water is drained, at the time the injury was caused. If damages are recurrent or continuing, the remedy is by successive actions from time to time so long as such improper draining continues and the noxious condition is maintained." [Citation omitted]

While Rynestad may be an accurate statement of the law, Nagel's reliance on that case begs the question of the effect of Emmons County's prescriptive use of Nagel's land. Unlike Rynestad, this case involves the consideration of the possessory interest of the party against whom the action is brought, i.e. Emmons County. We therefore examine the effect of the County's prescriptive use on Nagel's right to maintain this action.

Nagel does not contest whether the right to flood another's land may be obtained by easement, see Section 47-05-01(10), NDCC [The right of flooding may be attached to other land], but rather, whether that right may be obtained in this state by prescriptive use. An easement by prescription is a common law concept and has been defined as "the creation of incorporeal interests by the lapse of time." Restatement of Property, Servitudes Ch. 38, Introductory Note (1944). Our statutes do not provide the specific elements for the creation of a prescriptive easement, but do acknowledge by implication the possibility of obtaining one. See Section 47-05-07, NDCC [Outlining the extent of a servitude by the nature of the enjoyment by which it was acquired]; Section 47-05-12, NDCC [Governing the extinguishment of a servitude acquired by enjoyment]; Section 47-06-02, NDCC [Fixing the time by which a right by prescription shall be acquired]. ² Similarly, our caselaw does not discuss the specific requirements for acquiring a prescriptive easement, but does acknowledge the possibility of acquiring such an easement. See Conlin v. Metzger, 77 N.D. 620, 44 N.W.2d 617 (1950) [The court concluded that any prescriptive easement obtained by the defendant was destroyed by a valid tax deed subsequently issued]; Conlon v. City of Dickinson, 72 N.D. 190, 5 N.W.2d 411 (1942) [A prescriptive right to empty sewage into a river was not obtained because the adverse use had not existed for a sufficient length of time].

The American Law Institute suggests that a use of land creates an easement by prescription provided the use is (1) adverse, (2) continuous and uninterrupted, and (3) for the period of prescription. Restatement of Property, Servitudes Sec. 457 (1944). Such an approach is consistent with our caselaw on the acquisition of other prescriptive rights. See Hartlieb v. Sawyer Tp. Bd., 366 N.W.2d 486 (N.D.1985) [The basic requirements for establishing a road by prescription pursuant to Section 24-07-01, NDCC, (1) general, continuous, uninterrupted, and adverse use of a road, (2) by the public under a claim of right, (3) for a period equal to that for the limitation of real actions].

An examination of the first two elements is not necessary for the resolution of this case. The trial court made the following finding:

"The evidence also establishes that the frequency of use of the plaintiff's land for draining for the diverted flow has been continuous, uninterrupted, open, hostile, and adverse to the plaintiff for almost 24 years prior to his commencing this action."

Nagel has not challenged this finding on appeal. Nagel challenges only the trial court's conclusion that the County's actions for those 24 years establishes a prescriptive easement which would bar Nagel's action for recovery. We thus consider the third element of prescriptive easement, the period of prescription.

Nagel contends that a county cannot claim a prescriptive right to private land within forty years from the commencement of the prescriptive use. Nagel relies on Section 28-01-01, NDCC, which provides:

"The state of North Dakota will not sue any person for or in respect to any real property or the issues or profits thereof by reason of the right or title of the state to the same, unless:

1. Such right or title shall have accrued within forty years before any action or other proceeding for the same shall be commenced; or

2. The state or those from whom it claims shall have received the rents and profits of such real property or of some part thereof within the space of forty years."

In our view, Section 28-01-01, NDCC, is not applicable to this case. The California Supreme Court has interpreted a like-statute, Cal.Code Civ.Proc. Sec. 315, ³ and that interpretation is instructive in our case. In People v. Banning, 167 Cal. 643, 140 P. 587 (Cal.1914) the court interpreted the phrase, "right or title", to refer to the right or title of the State to sue, not the right or title of the land upon which the State bases its action. The Banning court cited, with approval, an earlier California case, People v. Center, 66 Cal. 551, 6 P. 481 (Cal.1885), which held that Section 315 should be construed to read that the State will not sue for, or in respect to, real property, except where the cause of action has accrued within [forty] years from the commencement of the suit. This interpretation by the California Supreme Court is sound, and we adopt it as it applies to Section 28-01-01, NDCC. A contradictory interpretation would produce the illogical result that the State could not maintain an action in respect to real property of which it had held title for more than forty years before commencement of the action, though the cause of action accrued within that period.

Nagel contends that Section 28-01-01, NDCC, provides that the State or a subdivision, thereof, cannot claim a prescriptive right to private land within forty years from the commencement of the prescriptive use. Nagel's contention is directly contradictory to the terms of ...