Nakhla v. Singer-Shoprite, Inc.

• Decision Date: 08 November 1985
• Docket Number: SINGER-SHOPRIT,INC
• Citation: 500 A.2d 411,205 N.J.Super. 184
• Parties: , 67 A.L.R.4th 969 Nagy NAKHLA, Individually and as Guardian Ad Litem of Marianna Nakhla, an Infant, and Nanez Nakhla, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v., a New Jersey Corporation, Defendant-Respondent.
• Court: New Jersey Superior Court — Appellate Division

Page 184

205 N.J.Super. 184

500 A.2d 411, 67 A.L.R.4th 969

Nagy NAKHLA, Individually and as Guardian Ad Litem of Marianna Nakhla, an Infant, and Nanez Nakhla Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. SINGER-SHOPRITE, INC., a New Jersey Corporation, Defendant-Respondent.

Superior Court of New Jersey Appellate Division.

Submitted Oct. 21, 1985.

Decided Nov. 8, 1985.

Baer & Arbeiter, Metuchen, for plaintiffs-appellants (Benjamin D. Leibowitz, Metuchen, of counsel and on letter brief).

Philip M. Lustbader & David Lustbader, Livingston, for defendant-respondent (Stephen L. Hopkins, Livingston, of counsel).

Before Judges J. H. COLEMAN and LONG.

The opinion of the court was delivered by

COLEMAN, J.H., J.A.D.

The novel issue raised by this appeal is the liability of a commercial shopkeeper for a dog bite to one of its business invitees where the dog is owned by another invitee. The trial judge dismissed the complaint at the end of plaintiffs' case. He held that plaintiffs failed to prove the common law requirements that the dog was vicious and that defendant had knowledge of the dog's vicious propensities. We hold that the common law rules governing the liability of the owner of a dog are not applicable when determining the liability of a commercial entity to one of its invitees. Plaintiffs are not required to prove that the dog possessed dangerous or mischievous propensities. We therefore reverse the judgment of involuntary dismissal.

The facts giving rise to this litigation are simple and undisputed. On June 8, 1982 Nagy Nakhla and her four and one-half year old daughter, Marianna Nakhla, were approaching the entrance to defendant Shoprite store in order to do shopping. Just prior to entering the store, Marianna was bitten by a dog tied to a pole near the store entrance. The child was bitten about the face and eye causing injuries which apparently have resulted in some scarring. The present action was instituted to recover damages based on the alleged negligence of defendant.

The dog involved in this incident was owned by Floreal San Miguel, who is not involved in this appeal. Mr. San Miguel testified that the dog was a mongrel of Labrador and Gold Retriever descent. Prior to entering the store to shop, he tied his dog to a pipe near the entrance. He testified that he had done this "every day for a period of two, three months, several months." He had never been advised by any of the store's employees not to tie his dog near the entrance nor had he ever seen any signs posted to that effect. Finally, he stated that whenever he went to the store, other dogs were tied up outside at the same location.

On this appeal, plaintiffs argue that a proprietor of a business premises owes a duty to provide a reasonably safe place to those entering the premises to conduct business. Both sides agree, and correctly so, that the dog bite statute, N.J.S.A. 4:19-16, is not applicable to this case because Shoprite did not own the dog. In Butler v. Acme Markets, Inc., 89 N.J. 270, 275-276, 445 A.2d 1141 (1982) our Supreme Court outlined the duty owed by a proprietor of a business to its business invitee.

The proprietor of premises to which the public is invited for business purposes of the proprietor owes a duty of reasonable care to those who enter the premises upon that invitation to provide a reasonably safe place to do that which is within the scope of the invitation. Brody v. Albert Lifson & Sons, 17 N.J. 383, 389 (1955); Genovay v. Fox, 50 N.J.Super. 538, 549 (App.Div.1958), rev'd on other grounds, 29 N.J. 436 (1959). The measure of that care has been described as "due care under all the circumstances." Bozza v. Vornado, Inc., 42 N.J. 355, 359 (1964); 2 Harper & James, Law of Torts (1956) § 27.12 at 1487. "Negligence is tested by whether the reasonably prudent person at the time and place should recognize and foresee an unreasonable risk or likelihood of harm or danger to others." Rappaport v. Nichols, 31 N.J. 188, 201 (1959). If the reasonably prudent person would foresee danger resulting from another's voluntary criminal acts, the fact that another's actions are beyond defendant's control does not preclude liability. Trentacost v. Brussel, 82 N.J. 214, 222 (1980); Hill v. Yaskin, 75 N.J. 139, 143-145 (1977); Zinck v. Whelan, 120 N.J.Super. 432, 445 ; Picco v. Fords Diner, Inc., 113 N.J.Super. 465 (1971); Genovay v. Fox, supra, 50 N.J.Super. at 550-551 . Foreseeability of the risk that criminal acts of others would cause harm is the crucial factor. McGlynn v. Newark Parking Authority, 86 N.J. 551 (1981).

The application of the foregoing general principles leads to the inescapable conclusion that a jury question was presented in the present case. The jury should have been permitted to decide whether the presence of the dog tied to a pole near the store entrance posed a foreseeable and an unreasonable risk or likelihood of harm or danger to those persons invited to the supermarket. It is unquestioned that plaintiffs were within the scope of defendant's invitation at the time of the incident. If it was reasonably foreseeable that shoppers would be bitten by a dog tied up at the store entrance, the fact that defendant did not create the hazardous condition does not preclude liability where defendant has actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition for a reasonable period and fails to act in a reasonable manner to reduce the hazard. See Trentacost v. Brussel, 82 N.J. 214, 222, 412 A.2d 436 (1980); Bozza v. Vornado, Inc., 42 N.J. 355, 359, 200 A.2d 777 (1964).

A reasonably prudent person should recognize and foresee that a dog may bite a child entering or leaving the supermarket. It is a well known fact that young children come to supermarkets both alone and accompanied by adults. A child of tender years may not comprehend the danger posed by a dog, especially one the size of the dog involved here. An invitee need not prove that the dog has bitten someone previously or that the dog is otherwise vicious. See Healey v. Ballantine & Sons, 66 N.J.L. 339, 346, 49 A. 51 (Sup.Ct.1901). All dogs, even seemingly harmless dogs, have the potential for biting. See Jannuzzelli v. Wilkens, 158 N.J.Super. 36, 41-42, 385 A.2d 322 (App.Div.1978); Tanga v. Tanga, 94...