National Advanced Systems v. U.S., 93-1496

• Decision Date: 09 June 1994
• Docket Number: No. 93-1496,93-1496
• Citation: 26 F.3d 1107
• Parties: NATIONAL ADVANCED SYSTEMS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. The UNITED STATES, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Federal Circuit

Page 1107

26 F.3d 1107

16 ITRD 1385

NATIONAL ADVANCED SYSTEMS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. The UNITED STATES, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 93-1496.

United States Court of Appeals Federal Circuit.

June 9, 1994.

Thomas M. Peterson, Brobeck, Phleges & Harrison, San Francisco, CA, argued for plaintiff-appellant.

Bruce N. Stratvert, Atty., Commercial Litigation Branch, Dept. of Justice, New York City, argued for defendant-appellee. With him on the brief were Frank W. Hunger, Asst. Atty. Gen., David M. Cohen, Director and Joseph I. Liebman, Attorney in Charge, International Trade Field Office. Also on the brief was Stephen Berke, Office of the Asst. Chief Counsel, U.S. Customs Service, New York City, of counsel.

Before MAYER, LOURIE, and SCHALL, Circuit Judges.

LOURIE, Circuit Judge.

National Advanced Systems ¹ (NAS) appeals from the judgment of the United States Court of International Trade sustaining the decision of the United States Customs Service (Customs) classifying merchandise imported by NAS under Item 676.15 of the Tariff Schedules of the United States (TSUS) (codified at 19 U.S.C. Sec. 1202 (1982)). National Advanced Sys. v. United States, No. 88-01-00015, 1993 WL 235613 (Ct.Int'l Trade June 24, 1993). Because the imported merchandise is properly classified as a "computing machine" under that tariff provision, we affirm.

BACKGROUND

NAS imports, sells, and services Hitachi computers in the United States, including the "R-9" line of mainframe computers. The R-9 computer, in its basic "uniprocessor" configuration, utilizes an instruction processor which decodes instructions and carries out arithmetic and logic operations. The computer's performance can be improved by means of a processing scheme known as "multitasking," whereby the operations normally performed by one instruction processor are shared by two instruction processors. The merchandise at issue allows for the conversion of the R-9 computer into a "multiprocessor" computer capable of implementing a multitasking scheme. Invoiced as an "Additional Instruction Processor" (AIP), the The imported merchandise entered the United States on October 17, 1984 from Japan. Customs classified the merchandise under Item 676.15, TSUS, a provision covering "[a]ccounting, computing, and other data-processing machines." The merchandise was liquidated on December 12, 1986 at a rate of 4.1% ad valorem. On May 4, 1987, NAS filed an administrative protest challenging Customs' classification decision. NAS asserted that the merchandise was properly classifiable as "[p]arts of automatic data-processing machines" under Item 676.54, TSUS, a duty-free provision. ² Customs, which considered the AIP "an unfinished computer," denied the protest.

merchandise is structurally and functionally similar to the R-9's primary instruction processor and affords increased processing capacity when installed in the R-9 computer.

On December 29, 1989, NAS filed a complaint in the United States Court of International Trade contesting the denial of its protest pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1581(a) (1988). NAS alleged that Customs erred in classifying the AIP under Item 676.15 because the AIP is not a computing machine, but a component which merely enhances the performance of the R-9 mainframe computer. Moreover, NAS claimed that because the AIP is incapable of functioning without being installed in the R-9 computer, it is properly classifiable as a "part" under Item 676.54.

A trial de novo was held during which evidence and expert testimony was submitted by both parties on the issue whether the imported merchandise was a "computer." ³ The Court of International Trade ultimately rejected NAS's contention that the AIP was not a computing machine. Although the court acknowledged that the AIP could not perform useful work independently of the R-9 computer, it determined that "[n]onetheless, when installed in the R-9 mainframe system, the AIP computes." Slip op. at 5. In addition, the court concluded that the AIP was a "computer" for classification purposes because it contains all the basic elements of a stored-program digital computer, i.e., memory, control, processing, and input/output links, "albeit in truncated form." Id. at 6. Accordingly, the trial court found in favor of Customs and entered judgment sustaining its classification decision. NAS now appeals.

DISCUSSION

"The ultimate issue as to whether particular imported merchandise has been classified under an appropriate tariff provision is a question of law subject to de novo review. Resolution of that issue generally entails a two-step process of (1) ascertaining the proper meaning of specific terms within the tariff provision and (2) determining whether the merchandise at issue comes within the description of such terms as properly construed. The first step is a question of law which we review de novo and the second is a question of fact which we review for clear error. In reviewing classification determinations, Customs' classification of imported merchandise is presumed to be correct and the burden is on a party challenging the NAS argues that the term "computing" generally refers to the ability to receive, execute, and complete computational problems. A fortiori, NAS asserts that a "computing machine" under Item 676.15 must have the self-standing ability to receive data directly from the user, to undertake assigned tasks, and to communicate results directly to the user. NAS argues that because an AIP is incapable of performing those functions on a stand-alone basis, it cannot be a "computing machine" covered by Item 676.15. That argument, however, does not compute.

classification to overcome that presumption." Marcel Watch Co. v. United States, 11 F.3d 1054, 1056 (Fed.Cir.1993) (citations omitted).

The AIP is a large machine which contains an instruction unit, a general arithmetic unit, a floating-point arithmetic unit, and a buffer control unit. As with other components dedicated for use in an R-9 computer, the AIP cannot operate by itself but must be used in conjunction with the other main components of the computer. ⁴ For example, a person using an R-9 computer typically inputs a command via a main console consisting of a cathode ray tube display and a keyboard. When the entered command is received by the AIP, it is decoded and the necessary arithmetic and logical operations required to carry out the command are performed. During this process, the activity of the AIP is coordinated with the computer's main memory and the input/output processors by the computer's service processor. Thus, when operating as designed, the AIP functions similarly to that of the computer's primary instruction processor: the AIP receives, processes, and executes commands from the user. In other words, it computes.

That the AIP cannot compute without the other components comprising the R-9 computer system does not alter the critical fact that "once installed [the AIP] does computing." Slip op. at 7. The inability of the AIP to perform computations independent of the R-9 computer does not itself preclude the AIP from being classified as a "computing machine" under Item 676.15. Indeed, witnesses from both parties acknowledged that the R-9 computer's service processor, another "imbedded" device, qualifies as a computer under Item 676.15 notwithstanding that like the AIP, the service processor cannot perform useful work without other components.

NAS's contention that a device must possess stand-alone capability to compute in order to be classified as a computing machine finds no support in the statute. Neither Item 676.15 nor its superior heading imposes any requirement that an article must possess an "inherent" or "self-standing" ability to compute in order to be classifiable therein. ⁵ Nor does the statute make any distinction between "stand-alone" computers and "imbedded" computers. We reject NAS's attempts to engraft a limitation onto the tariff provision not clearly intended by Congress. The controlling question for classification purposes under Item 676.15 is whether the machine at issue "computes," irrespective of whether it does so by itself or in connection with another machine.

In Fairchild Camera & Instrument Corp. v. United States, 53 CCPA 122, 1966 WL 8923 (1966), our predecessor court rejected a similar argument that an article must have stand-alone capability in order to be classified under an eo nomine provision that describes it. The imported article in Fairchild was a photofluorographic device capable of making photographic records of mass chest X-ray surveys. The device was specially designed for use in connection with an X-ray apparatus and was not capable of general picture taking. ⁶ Id. at 125. Despite the Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in concluding that the term "computing machine" in Item 676.15 does not require stand-alone capability to compute. Because the AIP does compute when installed in the R-9 computer, it falls within the scope of that tariff provision.

article's inability to take photographs independently of the apparatus, the court held that the article was properly classified as a "photographic camera," not as a "part" of an X-ray apparatus, because it functioned as a camera once it was affixed to the apparatus.

Alternatively, NAS contends that term "computing machine" covers only those machines equivalent to a stored-programmed digital computer having the ability to store and retrieve data for future use and to communicate directly with the user. In support of that restrictive interpretation, NAS relies on the historical, trade, and scientific usage of the term "computer." NAS claims that the weight of such evidence indicates that a machine must possess permanently stored memory and direct input/output capability in order to be considered a computer for purposes of Item 676.15.

Specifically, NAS alleges that at the time the TSUS was adopted, ⁷ the term "computer" referred invariably to...