O'Neal v. City of Chicago

• Decision Date: 17 November 2009
• Docket Number: No. 09-1716.,09-1716.
• Citation: 588 F.3d 406
• Parties: Brenda O'NEAL, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY OF CHICAGO, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

588 F.3d 406

Brenda O'NEAL, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY OF CHICAGO, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 09-1716.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued October 6, 2009.

Decided November 17, 2009.

Lisa Kane (argued), Lisa Kane & Associates, P.C., Chicago, IL, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Mara S. Georges, Office of Corp. Counsel, Appeals Div., Chicago, IL, Christopher S. Norborg, City of Chicago Law Department, Chicago, IL, Ruth F. Masters (argued), Oak Park, IL, for Defendant-Appellee.

Before BAUER, WOOD and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges.

BAUER, Circuit Judge.

Sergeant Brenda O'Neal has twice sued her employer, the Chicago Police Department ("CPD"), this time claiming retaliation and sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq. The district court granted summary judgment to the CPD, as it had done before in O'Neal's first employment discrimination suit. See O'Neal v. City of Chicago, 392 F.3d 909 (7th Cir.2004). We have reviewed the district court's decision de novo construing all facts and reasonable inferences in O'Neal's favor; finding no error, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

Brenda O'Neal began her career as a police officer for the CPD in 1991, and was promoted to sergeant in 2001. In May 2002, O'Neal was transferred from the Narcotics unit to one of the police districts. O'Neal sued the CPD in November 2002, claiming that this transfer violated Title VII's prohibition against race and gender discrimination. The district court granted the CPD's motion for summary judgment and this court affirmed. O'Neal, 392 F.3d 909.

After O'Neal filed her 2002 lawsuit, the CPD transferred her back to Narcotics per a settlement of a dispute over O'Neal's collective bargaining agreement. Since then, the CPD has transferred or detailed ("reassigned") O'Neal ten times among seven other units: the Training Academy, Patrol Administration, Operational Services Administration, the Fifth District, Asset Forfeiture, Vice Control, and the Third District. Each new reassignment involved different responsibilities, most entailed a new supervisor, some required different hours, and all prompted O'Neal to complain to her union, claiming the reassignments hurt her promotion prospects and were in retaliation for her 2002 lawsuit.

On August 14, 2007, O'Neal initiated this case against the CPD, after first filing a discrimination charge on June 28, 2007, with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC"). The CPD and O'Neal engaged in discovery and the CPD moved for summary judgment. The district court entered summary judgment in favor of the CPD on February 17, 2009, and O'Neal timely filed this appeal.

II. DISCUSSION

As a threshold matter, O'Neal may sue the CPD only for the last two transfers, to Vice Control in November 2006 and to the Third District in June 2007. The earlier eight reassignments are time-barred because they predate O'Neal's EEOC charge by more than three hundred days. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1). Nor need we consider whether all ten reassignments constitute one continuing adverse employment action, because O'Neal failed to make this argument on appeal. See, e.g., Luellen v. City of E. Chicago, 350 F.3d 604, 612 (7th Cir.2003) (arguments not raised on appeal are waived). Hence, the first eight reassignments are time-barred and may be considered only as "background evidence" of the last two actionable transfers. Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 113, 122 S.Ct. 2061, 153 L.Ed.2d 106 (2002).

We review the district court's grant of summary judgment de novo, construing all facts and reasonable inferences in O'Neal's favor. Winsley v. Cook County, 563 F.3d 598, 602 (7th Cir.2009). Summary judgment is proper if the pleadings, discovery materials, disclosures, and affidavits demonstrate no genuine issue of material fact such that the CPD is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed R. Civ. P. 56(c).

A. Retaliation

To survive summary judgment on her retaliation claim, O'Neal needed to present evidence that, if believed by a trier of fact, would show (1) that she engaged in an activity protected by Title VII; (2) that she suffered an adverse action taken by the CPD; and (3) a causal connection between the two, under either the direct or indirect method of proof. See Tomanovich v. City of Indianapolis, 457 F.3d 656, 662-63 (7th Cir.2006); Stone v. City of Indianapolis Pub. Utils. Div., 281 F.3d 640, 642-44. O'Neal succeeds on the first two elements but fails on the third.

First, O'Neal engaged in two activities protected by Title VII: filing her employment discrimination lawsuit in 2002 and filing her grievance for retaliation in 2006. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a) (defining statutorily protected activity to include participating in a Title VII proceeding or opposing a practice made unlawful by Title VII). (By contrast, it did not constitute statutorily protected activity when O'Neal complained in 2007 to Commander O'Donnell that Lieutenant Kusinski tolerated insubordination by police officers under O'Neal's command, because her complaints failed to indicate that the behavior was discriminatory. Tomanovich, 457 F.3d at 663; see O'Neal Letters of May 1 & 8, 2007; O'Neal Dep. at 313:1-3.)

Second, O'Neal adduced sufficient evidence of an adverse employment action. An adverse employment action is one that "well might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination." Tomanovich, 457 F.3d at 664 (quoting Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 165 L.Ed.2d 345 (2006)). A lateral job transfer within an organization may constitute an adverse employment action, for example, if it reduces the employee's "opportunities for future advancement." Nichols v. S. Ill. Univ.-Edwardsville, 510 F.3d 772, 781 (7th Cir.2007). Commander Wiberg testified that repetitive reassignments "would negatively affect [one's] ability to be promoted from a police sergeant to a lieutenant on the basis of a meritorious promotion." Wiberg Dep. at 23-24. And indeed, the two actionable transfers were "repetitive," considering as background evidence the previous eight reassignments. Therefore, although the CPD asks us to discredit Commander Wiberg's testimony as "speculation," Appellee's Br. at 27, we find that it raises an issue of fact with regard to O'Neal's two actionable transfers being adverse employment actions. Cf. O'Neal, 392 F.3d at 912 (finding no issue of fact where O'Neal had failed to present any evidence that the transfer could "ultimately diminish her chances for promotion").

Third, O'Neal provided insufficient evidence that she suffered an adverse employment action because she engaged in statutorily protected activity, i.e., that either of her two actionable transfers occurred because of her 2002 lawsuit or her 2006 grievance. Under the direct method of proof, O'Neal offered evidence only of a causal connection between the 2002 lawsuit and the transfer from Vice Control. This evidence consisted only of Lieutenant Kusinski, who recommended O'Neal's transfer, (1) calling O'Neal a "complainer"...