Needham v. Needham, 1-180A14

• Decision Date: 11 August 1980
• Docket Number: No. 1-180A14,1-180A14
• Parties: In re the Marriage of Deborah Ann NEEDHAM, Appellant (Respondent Below), v. James L. NEEDHAM, Appellee (Petitioner Below).
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court

Page 562

408 N.E.2d 562

In re the Marriage of Deborah Ann NEEDHAM, Appellant (Respondent Below), v. James L. NEEDHAM, Appellee (Petitioner Below).

No. 1-180A14.

Court of Appeals of Indiana, First District.

Aug. 11, 1980.

James R. Fisher, Ice, Miller, Donadio & Ryan, Indianapolis, for appellant.

Ken A. Elmendorf, Elmendorf & Meyer, Brownsburg, for appellee.

ROBERTSON, Presiding Judge.

Deborah Ann Needham, respondent-appellant, appeals from the trial court's modification of a custody decree which gave custody to the father, James L. Needham, petitioner-appellee.

The marriage of the parties to this appeal was dissolved on January 13, 1978. The dissolution decree incorporated an agreement of the parties which gave custody of their two minor boys to the mother. The instant action was initiated by the father on July 26, 1979, by way of a petition to modify custody. After hearings, the trial court modified the prior decree and placed custody of the children with the father, with specified visitation rights granted to the mother.

We affirm.

The mother raises three issues for our consideration. The first is whether the trial court judge properly assumed jurisdiction of the case and whether the trial court was biased against the mother.

The trial court judge was a judge pro tempore. The record contains the written appointment of the trial judge to preside and sit on the court for August 14, 1979. The same document contains a signed statement by the judge pro tempore in which he swore to discharge his duties on that date. This statement contains a list of three cases after the date. The cases listed did not include the instant case. We find the listing of the cases surplusage.

Indiana Rules of Procedure, Trial Rule 63(E) states that the appointment of a judge pro tempore is to be in writing; no writing is required regarding the swearing of the judge pro tempore, although obviously it is the better practice.

It is well established that a judge pro tempore is appointed for a specific period, and T.R. 63(E) provides that the judge pro tempore has all the powers of the sitting judge for that period. This is in contrast to a special judge who is appointed to act in a particular case. State ex rel. Hodshire v. Bingham, Judge, (1941) 218 Ind. 490, 33 N.E.2d 771.

Based on this authority, we hold that the inclusion of specific cases in the acknowledgment of the swearing of the judge pro tempore is surplusage; and that the judge pro tempore is the judge for the period indicated in the appointment by the regular judge.

The question remains concerning the continued jurisdiction of the particular judge on the case. State v. Smith, (1973) 260 Ind. 555, 297 N.E.2d 809 notes that the rule found in T.R. 63(E) that the judge who directed the trial should hear post-trial motions is a continuation of the policy under former rules and statutes, citing State ex rel. Hodshire v. Bingham, Judge, (1941) 218 Ind. 490, 33 N.E.2d 771. That case held that a judge pro tempore should hear post trial motions. The basic idea contained in T.R. 63 is stated in State v. Smith, supra, 260 Ind. at 558, 297 N.E.2d at 812 as, "The theory underlying the Rule is that the trial judge has continuing jurisdiction as if he had been appointed special judge . . . ."

The basic principle that the same judge that heard the evidence should entertain the post-trial motions would of necessity include the notion that whenever possible, the same judge, no matter what his status, should hear all the evidence at trial. Thus, in our view, once properly appointed and sworn according to the rule, the judge pro tempore has continuing jurisdiction of the case once he begins hearing evidence at trial. We, thus, find no error here. Also, we note there was no objection raised until the motion to correct errors concerning the judge.

The mother claims bias on the part of the trial court judge for two reasons. The first is the former association of the trial court judge and the father's attorney. The judge pro tempore was the former prosecutor and the father's attorney was his deputy. The relationship had ended months before this cause began. The second ground is the former divorce and custody problem of the trial court judge himself caused a bias against the mother.

The mother refers us to no authority for disqualification based on the facts given above. Indeed, the disqualification section of the Code of Judicial Conduct cited by the mother clearly shows that there is no automatic disqualification here. We, thus, reject this argument. The second bias claimed has no basis in the record and we find the allegation extraordinary. Even if the facts of the trial court judge's personal life claimed are true, our reading of the record shows no apparent bias. It is stated in Chance v. Chance, (1980) Ind.App., 400 N.E.2d 1207, 1212, that a claim of bias and prejudice depends on the ability to make a plain showing that unfairness and prejudice existed and controlled the result. There was no such showing here. We further note that the mother made no attempt to change the judge at any stage of the proceeding.

The second issue on appeal is whether the trial court abused its discretion in finding that the statutory requirements for modification of child custody had been met. In 1976, the legislature added to Ind.Code 31-1-11.5-22(d) the requirements that the trial court shall not modify a prior decree unless there is "a showing of changed circumstances so substantial and continuing as to make the existing custody order unreasonable." Our review of this determination by the...