O'Neil v. Simplicity, Inc.

• Decision Date: 22 July 2009
• Docket Number: No. 08-2278.,08-2278.
• Citation: 574 F.3d 501
• Parties: John O'NEIL; Jill O'Neil, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, Appellants, v. SIMPLICITY, INC.; Graco Children's Products, Inc., Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

574 F.3d 501

John O'NEIL; Jill O'Neil, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, Appellants, v. SIMPLICITY, INC.; Graco Children's Products, Inc., Appellees.

No. 08-2278.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: March 10, 2009.

Filed: July 22, 2009.

Elizabeth C. Pritzker, argued, San Francisco, CA, Eric H. Gibbs, Geoffrey A. Munroe, Amy Eskin and Charles C. Kelly III, San Francisco, CA, Vincent J. Esades, Dylan J. McFarland and Renae D. Steiner, Minneapolis, MN, on the brief, for appellant.

Joseph J. Krasovec, III, argued, Chicago, IL, Heide Dalenberg, Holly A. Podulka, Chicago, IL and John E. Connelly, Minneapolis, MN, on the brief, for appellee.

Before WOLLMAN, BRIGHT, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

John and Jill O'Neil appeal from the district court's¹ dismissal with prejudice of their claims against Simplicity, Inc.,² and Graco Children's Products, Inc. We affirm.

I.

The O'Neils purchased an Aspen 3-in-1 crib, manufactured by Simplicity and branded with Graco's name, for use by their grandchildren during family visits to their home. One side of the crib was designed to sit at a lower height, if desired, making it easier to place a child into and remove it from the crib. This dropside was a key component for Jill O'Neil because she is unable to lift her grandchildren over the side of the crib when it is at full height. The O'Neils used their crib without incident for approximately four years.

On September 21, 2007, the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CSPC) and Simplicity announced a voluntary recall of about one million cribs, including the Aspen 3-in-1. The recall was prompted by a hardware defect that made it possible for the drop-side to detach from the crib, creating a dangerous gap in which a child could get caught. The CSPC cautioned consumers, "[w]e do not want your child in that crib tonight." This defect has resulted in three infant deaths, seven non-fatal injuries, and fifty-six other reported incidents.

Simplicity and Graco refused to refund the price of the crib or repair the hardware defect, but offered to mail a retrofit repair kit at the consumer's request. Once installed by the consumer, the kit would permanently affix the drop-side to the crib frame at the full height position, thereby disabling the functionality of the drop-side. The O'Neils have stopped using the crib since the recall and have neither requested nor installed a retrofit repair kit.

On September 24, 2007, Amber Spitzer, a resident of Illinois, filed a class action complaint against Simplicity, Graco, and Target in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota. In November 2007, Spitzer withdrew the complaint and filed a first amended complaint. Simplicity and Target filed a motion to dismiss, after which Spitzer withdrew her pleading and voluntarily dismissed Target without prejudice.³ On January 30, 2008, the district court granted Spitzer's motion for leave to file a second amended complaint. This pleading replaced Spitzer with the O'Neils as named plaintiffs.

The O'Neils assert eight claims in the second amended complaint. Against Simplicity, they seek a declaratory judgment that Simplicity is required to repair or replace the crib under the limited warranty. They also assert a violation of the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act, 15 U.S.C. § 2301 et seq., and breach of express warranty. Against both Simplicity and Graco, the O'Neils allege breach of implied warranty, unjust enrichment, and claims under three Minnesota consumer protection statutes. The O'Neils purport to represent a class of "all persons in Minnesota who purchased" a recalled Simplicity/Graco crib, excluding any individual who suffered a personal injury as a result of the allegedly defective crib.

The district court granted Simplicity's and Graco's motions to dismiss, concluding that the O'Neils failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted, and denied them leave to file yet another amended complaint.

II.

We review de novo the district court's dismissal of an action for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Briehl v. General Motors Corp., 172 F.3d 623, 627 (8th Cir.1999). We accept the factual allegations of the complaint as true, but the allegations must supply sufficient "facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949-50, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009).

"It is well established that purchasers of an allegedly defective product have no legally recognizable claim where the alleged defect has not manifested itself in the product they own." Briehl, 172 F.3d at 628 (quoting Weaver v. Chrysler Corp. 172 F.R.D. 96, 99 (S.D.N.Y.1997)) (internal quotations omitted). The O'Neils allege that defendants' cribs are defective because the drop-side can separate from the crib frame. They do not allege, however, that such a separation has ever occurred in their crib. This omission is fatal to their case.⁴ It is not enough to allege that a product line contains a defect or that a product is at risk for manifesting this defect; rather, the plaintiffs must allege that their product actually exhibited the alleged defect. See Cole v. General Motors Corp., 484 F.3d 717, 729 (5th Cir.2007) (summarizing cases (including Briehl) that require such an allegation); In re Canon Cameras, 237 F.R.D. 357, 360 (S.D.N.Y.2006) (noting that proof of a malfunction is a prerequisite to any of plaintiffs' claims). "Where, as in this case, a product performs satisfactorily and never exhibits an alleged defect, no cause of action lies." Briehl, 172 F.3d at 628.

The O'Neils attempt to distinguish Briehl by arguing that the product at issue in Briehl was not actually defective. The plaintiffs in Briehl complained that the operation of their vehicles' brakes was counterintuitive, causing drivers to respond in a dangerous manner. 172 F.3d at 626. They specifically excluded any claims for personal injury or property damage resulting from the unusual braking system. Id. at 628. That the brakes in Briehl functioned just as the manufacturer intended had no effect on the holding. The plaintiffs alleged that their vehicles "suffer from defects," an allegation that was taken as true. Id. at 627. Their claim failed, however, because the defects had not manifested in plaintiffs' vehicles. Id. at 628-29. The same is true here.

The O'Neils insist, however, that they have not received the benefit of the bargain: they paid for a drop-side crib and now they do not use the crib because the drop-side is not safe. Further, they cannot avail themselves of the retrofit kit because it disables the drop-side function and renders the crib useless, at least with regard to Jill O'Neil. Thus, they contend that they have suffered an economic injury, and they seek to recover the difference in price between a crib with a functional drop-side and a crib without.

The problem with this argument is that, because the O'Neils' crib has not exhibited the alleged defect, they have necessarily received the benefit of their bargain. The O'Neils purchased a crib with a functioning drop-side and that crib continues to have a functioning drop-side. Their bargain with Simplicity and Graco did not contemplate the performance of cribs purchased by other consumers.

This case is similar to other no-injury cases, in that the O'Neils have attempted to refashion what is at its core a no-injury products liability suit into a suit based in contract. See Rivera v. Wyeth-Ayerst Labs., 283 F.3d 315, 320 (5th Cir.2002) (noting that "plaintiffs's attempt to recast their product liability claim in the language of contract law" created confusion). This refashioning was necessitated by the nature of their suit because economic loss—the only loss that they could reasonably claim—is only "recoverable in contract, if at all." Minneapolis Soc'y of Fine Arts v. Parker-Klein Assocs. Architects, Inc., 354 N.W.2d 816, 821 (Minn.1984), overruled on other grounds, Hapka v. Paquin Farms, 458 N.W.2d 683, 687 (Minn. 1990). But this case does not lend itself to contractual claims because Simplicity and Graco have not failed to deliver what was promised. The O'Neils' suit rests instead on

the same [allegation] as in a traditional products liability case: the defendant produced or sold a defective product and/or failed to warn of the product's dangers.... The striking feature of a typical no-injury class is that the plaintiffs have either not yet experienced a malfunction because of the alleged defect or have experienced a malfunction but not been harmed by it.

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