New York v. U.S. E.P.A.

Decision Date24 June 2005
Docket NumberNo. 03-1448.,No. 03-1016.,No. 03-1048.,No. 03-1033.,No. 03-1177.,No. 03-1040.,No. 03-1051.,No. 03-1045.,No. 03-1052.,No. 03-1135.,No. 03-1176.,No. 03-1036.,No. 03-1104.,No. 02-1387.,No. 03-1047.,No. 03-1457.,No. 03-1057.,No. 03-1054.,No. 03-1131.,No. 03-1046.,No. 03-1041.,No. 03-1175.,No. 03-1049.,No. 03-1178.,No. 03-1055.,No. 03-1130.,No. 03-1044.,No. 03-1056.,No. 03-1050.,No. 03-1437.,02-1387.,03-1016.,03-1033.,03-1036.,03-1040.,03-1041.,03-1044.,03-1045.,03-1046.,03-1047.,03-1048.,03-1049.,03-1050.,03-1051.,03-1052.,03-1054.,03-1055.,03-1056.,03-1057.,03-1104.,03-1130.,03-1131.,03-1135.,03-1175.,03-1176.,03-1177.,03-1178.,03-1437.,03-1448.,03-1457.
Citation413 F.3d 3
PartiesState of NEW YORK, et al., Petitioners v. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, Respondent NSR Manufacturers Roundtable, et al., Intervenors
CourtU.S. Court of Appeals — District of Columbia Circuit

F. William Brownell argued the cause for Industry Petitioners. With him on the briefs were Henry V. Nickel, Makram B. Jaber, David S. Harlow, William H. Lewis, Jr., Leslie Sue Ritts, and Lorane F. Hebert. David F. Zoll entered an appearance.

Michael J. Myers and J. Jared Snyder, Assistant Attorneys General, Attorney General's Office of the State of New York, argued the cause for Government Petitioners. With them on the briefs were Eliot Spitzer, Attorney General, Peter Lehner, Assistant Attorney General, Bill Lockyer, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of California, Matthew J. Goldman, Deputy Attorney General, Richard Blumenthal, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Connecticut, Kimberly Massicotte and Matthew Levine, Assistant Attorneys General, M. Jane Brady, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Delaware, Valerie S. Csizmadia, Deputy Attorney General, Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Illinois, Thomas Davis, Assistant Attorney General, G. Steven Rowe, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Maine, Gerald D. Reid, Assistant Attorney General, J. Joseph Curran, Jr., Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Maryland, Kathy M. Kinsey, Assistant Attorney General, Thomas F. Reilly, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, James R. Milkey and William L. Pardee, Assistant Attorneys General, Kelly A. Ayotte, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of New Hampshire, Maureen D. Smith, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Peter C. Harvey, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of New Jersey, Kevin Auerbacher, Jean Reilly, and Ruth Carter, Deputy Attorneys General, Robert A. Reiley, Assistant Counsel, Attorney General's Office of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Patrick C. Lynch, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Rhode Island, Tricia K. Jedele, Special Assistant Attorney General, William H. Sorrell, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Vermont, Erick Titrud and Kevin O. Leske, Assistant Attorneys General, Peggy A. Lautenschlager, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Wisconsin, Thomas L. Dosch, Assistant Attorney General, Robert J. Spagnoletti, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the District of Columbia, Edward E. Schwab, Deputy Attorney General, Donna M. Murasky, Senior Litigation Counsel, Stephen Shane Stark, William M. Dillon, Kathrine Currie Pittard, Robert N. Kwong, David Schott, Steven M. Basha, Leslyn Syren, Phillip M. Jay, Barbara Baird, Daniel C. Esty, Christopher P. McCormack, Christopher G. King, and Andrew Schwartz, Counsel. Kevin P. Maloney, John V. Dorsey, Sheldon Whitehouse, Lisa S. Gelb, and Michael H. Heneghan, Counsel, entered appearances.

Howard I. Fox argued the cause for Environmental Petitioners. With him on the briefs were Keri N. Powell, Ann B. Weeks, Jonathan F. Lewis, James R. May Kenneth T. Kristl, John D. Walke, and David G. McIntosh. David G. Hawkins and James M. Stuhltrager entered appearances.

John F. Shepherd argued the cause for petitioner Newmont Mining Corporation. With him on the briefs were Denise W. Kennedy and Robert T. Connery.

Hope M. Babcock and William D. Evans, Senior Assistant County Attorney, were on the brief of amici curiae American Thoracic Society, et al., in support of Environmental Petitioners.

Lois Godfrey Wye, Norman L. Rave, Jr., and Angeline Purdy, Attorneys, U.S. Department of Justice, argued the cause for respondent. With them on the brief were John C. Cruden, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, and Monica Derbes Gibson, Counsel, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

David Driesen and Christopher H. Schroeder were on the brief of amici curiae Clean Air Trust and Senators Hillary Rodham Clinton, et al.

Leslie Sue Ritts, Lorane F. Hebert, William H. Lewis, Jr., Michael W. Steinberg, Henry V. Nickel, F. William Brownell, Makram B. Jaber, David S. Harlow, Russell S. Frye, John L. Wittenborn, Martha Elizabeth Cox, and Robert A. Messina were on the brief of Industry Intervenors. Michael A. McCord, Michael B. Barr, Charles H. Knauss, and Douglas S. Burdin entered appearances.

Keri N. Powell argued the cause for Environmental Intervenors. With her on the brief were Howard I. Fox, John D. Walke, David G. McIntosh, Ann B. Weeks, and Jonathan F. Lewis.

Jerry W. Kilgore, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Roger L. Chaffe and Carl Josephson, Senior Assistant Attorneys General, Gregg D. Renkes, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Alaska, Steve E. Mulder, Assistant Attorney General, Steve Carter, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Indiana, Thomas M. Fisher, Special Counsel, Phill Kline, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Kansas, David D. Davies, Deputy Attorney General, Wayne Stenehjem, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of North Dakota, Charles M. Carvell and Lyle G. Witham, Assistant Attorneys General, John Bruning, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Nebraska, Jodi M. Fenner, Assistant Attorney General, Henry D. McMaster, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of South Carolina, J. Emory Smith, Jr., Assistant Deputy Attorney General, Lawrence E. Long, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of South Dakota, Roxanne Giedd, Deputy Attorney General, Mark L. Shurtleff, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Utah, and Fred Nelson, Assistant Attorney General, were on the brief of Group I State Intervenors in support of respondent.

Peter C. Harvey, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of New Jersey, Kevin P. Auerbacher, Jean P. Reilly, and Ruth E. Carter, Deputy Attorneys General, Richard Blumenthal, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Connecticut, Kimberly Massicotte and Matthew Levine, Assistant Attorneys General, Bill Lockyer, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of California, Matthew J. Goldman, Deputy Attorney General, M. Jane Brady, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Delaware, Valerie S. Csizmadia, Deputy Attorney General, Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Illinois, Thomas Davis, Chief, J. Joseph Curran, Jr. Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Maryland, Kathy M. Kinsey, Assistant Attorney General, G. Steven Rowe, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Maine, Gerald D. Reid, Assistant Attorney General, Thomas F. Reilly, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, James R. Milkey, William L. Pardee, and Frederick D. Augenstern, Assistant Attorneys General, Robert J. Spagnoletti, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office for the District of Columbia, Edward E. Schwab, Deputy Attorney General, Donna M. Murasky, Senior Litigation Counsel, Peggy A. Lautenschlager, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Wisconsin, Thomas L. Dosch, Assistant Attorney General, William H. Sorrell, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Vermont, Erick Titrud and Kevin O. Leske, Assistant Attorneys General, Eliot Spitzer, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of New York, Peter Lehner, J. Jared Snyder, and Michael J. Myers, Assistant Attorneys General, Robert A. Reiley, Assistant Counsel, Attorney General's Office of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Kelly A. Ayotte, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of New Hampshire, Maureen D. Smith, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Patrick C. Lynch, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Rhode Island, Tricia K. Jedele, Special Assistant Attorney General, Stephen Shane Stark, William M. Dillon, Kathrine Currie Pittard, David Schott, Steven M. Basha, Leslyn Syren, Robert N. Kwong, Barbara Baird, and Phillip M. Jay, were on the brief of Group II State and Local Government Intervenors in support of respondent.

Charlie Crist, Attorney General, Attorney General's Office of the State of Florida, and Jonathan A. Glogau, Assistant Attorney General, were on the brief of amicus curiae State of Florida supporting respondent.

C. Boyden Gray and Neil J. King were on the brief of amicus curiae Senator James M. Inhofe.

                                        Table of Contents
                    I. Background ................................................ 11
                   II. Industry Challenges ....................................... 18
                       A. Modification ........................................... 19
                       B. Interpretation of 1980 Rule in 2002 Preamble ........... 20
                       C. Source-Specific Allowable Emissions .................... 21
                  III. Baseline Emissions ........................................ 21
                       A. Statutory Interpretation ............................... 22
                       B. Environmental Impact ................................... 27
                   IV. Methodology
...

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