Newman v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue

• Decision Date: 29 April 1955
• Docket Number: No. 14112.,14112.
• Citation: 222 F.2d 131
• Parties: Lois J. NEWMAN (Formerly Lois J. Senderman), Petitioner, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

222 F.2d 131 (1955)

Lois J. NEWMAN (Formerly Lois J. Senderman), Petitioner, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent.

No. 14112.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

April 29, 1955.

Irell & Manella, Louis M. Brown, Gang, Kopp & Tyre, Milton A. Rudin, Martin Gang, Los Angeles, Cal., Lawrence E. Silverton, Van Nuys, Cal., for appellant.

H. Brian Holland, Asst. Atty. Gen., Fred Youngman, Ellis N. Slack, Meyer Rothwacks, Sp. Assts. to Atty. Gen., Kenneth W. Gemmill, Acting Chief Counsel, I.R.S., Washington, D. C., for appellee.

Before HEALY and FEE, Circuit Judges, and DRIVER, District Judge.

DRIVER, District Judge.

This is a petition to review a decision of the Tax Court adjudging a deficiency in gift tax of $50,079.84. The principal question presented is whether petitioner's gift to her minor daughter was completed in 1943, when the property was transferred in trust for the minor, or in 1946, upon the termination of the trust and distribution of the property to the minor's guardian.

The following is a summary of the findings of the Tax Court based in large part upon a stipulation of facts filed by the parties:

Prior to her second marriage in December, 1944, Petitioner's name was Lois J. Senderman. She was divorced from her first husband in 1940. Her only child, a daughter named Lois E. Senderman, was born on May 14, 1935. Petitioner had inherited from her parents 2,396-7/8 shares of stock of Aztec Brewing Company (hereinafter "Aztec"), a California corporation. The stock certificates were in the name of her attorney, Richard S. Goldman (hereinafter "Goldman"), and early in January 1943 she instructed him to transfer and hold 800 shares in trust for her minor daughter. Goldman orally declared himself to be trustee of the trust effective immediately, and some six or seven months thereafter executed a written declaration of trust which was dated back to January 1, 1943.

Petitioner filed Federal and California state gift tax returns for the calendar year 1943, in which she reported the gift of the 800 shares of corporate stock to her daughter by reason of the creation of the trust, and in the Federal return reported a value of $30,000, with no gift tax payable thereon.

In the year 1944, the Aztec Brewing Company, a limited partnership, was formed, the Aztec corporation was dissolved, and all of the assets and liabilities of the corporation were transferred to the partnership. The stockholders in the corporation became partners in the new company and the trust for Lois E. Senderman received an eight per cent limited partnership interest. The fair market value of the trust's interest throughout the calendar year 1946, was $151,051.09.

Goldman died March 1, 1946, and shortly thereafter his son was appointed executor of his estate. On April 5, 1946, on petition of the executor, his attorney Clarissa Shortall was appointed successor trustee by order of the San Francisco, California superior court. On May 2, 1946, by order of the same court she was appointed guardian of the estate of Lois E. Senderman, and the assets of the trust were transferred to her as such guardian. She had been associated with Goldman and had participated with him in the setting up and management of the Senderman trust. There was a provision in the original trust indenture for appointment of a guardian and for transfer to the guardian of the corpus of the trust upon the death of the trustee.

After a revenue agent, who examined the tax returns of petitioner and her minor daughter, had raised a question as to the revocability of the trust, Clarrissa Shortall, on April 22, 1947, as guardian for the minor, filed a petition for instructions in the state superior court. The petition in part stated that it was the intention of Lois J. Newman as trustor and donor, and of Goldman as trustee, that the trust be irrevocable; and "that the failure so to state specifically in said Declaration of Trust occurred through inadvertence and error and contrary to the express instructions of said Lois J. Newman." On June 23, 1947, the guardian filed an amended petion for instruction in which, for the first time, reference was made to the existence of an oral trust. The amended petition also recited that through inadvertence and error the written trust failed to contain an express provision that it was to be irrevocable.

On July 10, 1947, the amended petition was heard, and both oral and documentary evidence was offered. Clarissa Shortall, as guardian, and the Petitioner, each appeared in person and by attorney. The state court entered an order by which it adjudged that early in 1943 Lois J. Senderman orally created an irrevocable trust by instructing Goldman to act as trustee of 800 shares of corporate stock, the certificates of which he then had in his possession; that Goldman orally agreed to act as such trustee; that the oral trust became effective immediately upon its creation, and continued in effect until the appointment of the guardian, and transfer to her of the trust property in 1946; that six or seven months after the creation of the oral trust, Goldman executed a written trust which did not terminate or modify the oral trust; and that Clarissa Shortall as guardian held the property irrevocably for the use and benefit of the minor.

On the basis of its foregoing factual findings, the Tax Court held that the transfer of the property by petitioner for the benefit of her minor daughter constituted a taxable gift within the meaning of the applicable federal statutory provisions,¹ and that the gift was completed and subject to tax in the year 1946. The Court reasoned that neither the oral nor the written declaration created an irrevocable trust under California law² since neither was "expressly made irrevocable by the instrument creating the trust", and that under Treasury Regulations 108,³ the gift was not complete until the revocable trust was terminated in accordance with its terms upon the death of the trustee.

Petitioner contends that the oral trust was expressly made irrevocable and that the Tax Court erred in not so finding upon the "uncontradicted and unimpeached testimony." It is true that Petitioner and Clarissa Shortall testified directly and positively that when the oral trust was created early in January 1943 in Goldman's office, the Petitioner expressly declared the trust to be an irrevocable one and that Goldman in his acceptance as trustee designated it as "irrevocable", but the Tax Court declined to accept their testimony. In its opinion the Court said that because of inconsistencies in the evidence, the presence of contradicting documents, and the inferences to be drawn from the whole record, it was obliged reluctantly to conclude "that the spoken word must yield to the documented conclusion that no irrevocable oral or written trust existed." Specifically, what the Court indicated it had in mind was that, the written instrument failed to mention either the oral trust or the word "irrevocable", although it was drafted by two experienced lawyers, one of them the trustee under the trust, who were fully aware of the wishes of the settlor; that the oral trust on which the petitioner so heavily depended in the Tax Court hearing was not mentioned in the petition filed in the state court in April, 1946, for appointment of a successor trustee, nor in the petition for appointment of a guardian, nor in the order appointing the guardian, nor in the original petition by the guardian for instructions; that each of those documents referred only to a written trust; and that it was not until June 23, 1947, after the revenue agent had raised the question of the revocability of the trust with possible Federal tax consequences, that in the amended petition for instructions an oral trust was first mentioned.

The circumstances shown by the record furnished substantial evidentiary support for a reasonable inference contrary to the testimony that the oral trust was expressly made irrevocable. In such a situation it is the peculiar and exclusive function of the Tax Court to weigh the evidence, determine its probative value, and draw inferences therefrom.⁴

Petitioner argues that the written instrument executed by Goldman and dated back to January 1, 1943, was not actually a declaration of trust at all, but was merely an acknowledgment of a previously completed gift; or, if considered as a declaration of trust, that it was expressly irrevocable within the meaning of the California statute. The first phase of the argument, although alternatively presented, is rather surprising in view of the fact that in most of the documents mentioned in the next to the last paragraph above, including the guardian's amended petition for instructions, the instrument was described as a "trust indenture" or "declaration of trust", and in his opening statement in the Tax Court hearing, one of Petitioner's attorneys said: "Some six or seven months later he Goldman declared himself as trustee in writing. This written declaration of trust is Exhibit 2-B to the Stipulation of facts." The same stipulation of facts signed by Petitioner's attorneys, recited that "In 1943, Richard S. Goldman executed as trustee a Declaration of Trust."

The character of the document can best be determined by examination of its contents. It is too long to set out in full, but a condensed summary will suffice. Goldman therein acknowledged that he had in his possession and standing in his name as trustee for Lois Senderman 2,394-7/8 shares of Aztec stock⁵ and two other shares in the name of other individuals; that he held the stock as trustee and the "beneficial owners of said stock are Lois J. Senderman, owner of 1596-7/8 shares and Lois E. Senderman, a minor, daughter of Lois J. Senderman, owner of 800 shares"; and that as trustee he agreed...