Nicholson v. Hooters of Augusta, Inc.

• Decision Date: 10 March 1998
• Docket Number: No. 96-9149,96-9149
• Citation: 136 F.3d 1287
• Parties: 11 Communications Reg. (P&F) 1101, 11 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. C 112 Sam NICHOLSON, and All Other Persons or Entities Similarly Situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. HOOTERS OF AUGUSTA, INC., Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellee, Bambi K. Clark d.b.a. Value-Fax of Augusta, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

Page 1287

136 F.3d 1287

11 Communications Reg. (P&F) 1101,

11 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. C 112

Sam NICHOLSON, and All Other Persons or Entities Similarly Situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. HOOTERS OF AUGUSTA, INC. Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellee Bambi K. Clark d.b.a. Value-Fax of Augusta Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Appellee.

No. 96-9149.

United States Court of Appeals Eleventh Circuit.

March 10, 1998.

Harry D. Revell, Burnside, Wall, Daniel, Ellison & Revell, Augusta, GA, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

Henry E. Scrudder, Jr., William W. Horlock, Jr., Goldner, Sommers, Scrudder & Bass, Atlanta, GA, for Hooters of Augusta, Inc.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia.

Before DUBINA, Circuit Judge, and HILL and GIBSON ^*, Senior Circuit Judges.

GIBSON, Senior Circuit Judge:

Sam Nicholson appeals the district court's dismissal of his action against Hooters of Augusta, Inc. for failure to state a claim. Nicholson alleged that Hooters violated the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, 47 U.S.C. § 227 (1994), by sending unsolicited advertisements to Nicholson's facsimile machine. Nicholson contends the court erred in concluding that the Telephone Consumer Protection Act covers only interstate, and not intrastate, transmissions of unsolicited advertisements by facsimile, and that individual citizens may not bring suit under the Act. Because we conclude that Congress granted state courts exclusive subject matter jurisdiction over private actions under the Act, we vacate the judgment of the district court and remand with directions to dismiss this case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

The Telephone Consumer Protection Act prohibits "any person within the United States ... [from] us[ing] any telephone facsimile machine, computer, or other device to send an unsolicited advertisement to a telephone facsimile machine." 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(C). The Act creates a private right of action to obtain injunctive relief as well as to recover actual damages or $500.00, whichever is greater, for each violation. 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(3). The private right of action may be filed "if otherwise permitted by the laws or rules of court of a State, ... in an appropriate court of that State." Id.

Nicholson filed a complaint in the Superior Court of Richmond County, Georgia, alleging that Hooters violated the Telephone Consumer Protection Act by sending unsolicited advertisements to his facsimile machine. The state court entered a temporary restraining order enjoining Hooters from sending further advertisements by facsimile.

Hooters removed the case to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia. Hooters then filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted, arguing that the Act did not apply to intrastate facsimiles, and that an individual could not bring a private right of action. The district court granted Hooters' motion to dismiss, ruling first that Nicholson could not maintain a private right of action. The court reasoned that the language in the Act providing that a private right of action could be brought "if otherwise permitted by the laws or rules of the court of a State," authorized a private right of action only if state law specifically authorized a private action. Because there was no specific provision for private actions under Georgia law, the court held there could be no private action in federal court. The court rejected Nicholson's argument that the Act provides for concurrent jurisdiction of private actions in state and federal courts. The court also held that the Telephone Consumer Protection Act applied only to interstate facsimile transmissions. Because Nicholson received an intrastate facsimile, the court held there could be no claim under the Act.

Nicholson appealed. After the district court's decision, the Fourth Circuit considered a similar action, International Science & Tech. Inst. Inc. v. Inacom Comm., Inc., 106 F.3d 1146 (4th Cir.1997). The Fourth Circuit affirmed the district court's dismissal of the case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Id. at 1150. The Fourth Circuit reached the "somewhat unusual conclusion" that the Act vests jurisdiction only in state courts. Id. at 1150-1152.

Because the Act is silent as to federal court jurisdiction, the Fourth Circuit relied on several sources to determine whether the federal court had subject matter jurisdiction. The Fourth Circuit rejected the argument that section 227(b)(3) conferred jurisdiction to both the federal and state courts. The court determined that the permissive authorization contained in section 227(b)(3) did not confer federal court jurisdiction because the language was not a specific grant of authorization. Id. at 1151-52. The court interpreted the silence as to federal court jurisdiction and the express grant of jurisdiction to state courts as telling for several reasons. The court found it "meaningful" that Congress explicitly mentioned only state courts because, in general, it is unnecessary to vest state courts with concurrent jurisdiction. Id. at 1152. The court found confirmation of its interpretation by the fact that section 227(f)(2) of the Act while authorizing state court jurisdiction for a private right of action, conferred exclusive federal jurisdiction over an action brought by a state attorney general. Id. "We find it significant that in enacting the [Telephone Consumer Protection Act], Congress wrote precisely, making jurisdictional distinctions in the very same section of the Act by providing that private actions may be brought in appropriate state courts and that actions by the states must be brought in the federal courts." Id. Also observing that other parts of the Communications Act of 1934 gave specific grants of jurisdiction, the court concluded that Congress would have authorized federal jurisdiction, if it so intended. See id.

The court also decided that the legislative history of the Act supported its interpretation that Congress intended private actions to be treated as "small claims best resolved in state courts ... so long as the states allow such actions." Id. The Fourth Circuit rejected the argument that Congress intended to establish concurrent jurisdiction manifested through its preemptive occupation of interstate telecommunications for two reasons. Id. at 1153. First, it determined that even if the Act preempted substantive state law, the Act specifically provided for state courts to hear cases under the Act unless there was a contrary congressional intent. Id. Second, it noted that the Act specifically held that it did not preempt any state law that imposed more restrictive intrastate requirements or which prohibited certain practices. Id.

Finally, the Fourth Circuit determined that its decision that Congress intended to confer exclusive jurisdiction upon state courts was consistent with the Act's history and purpose, which was to allow consumers to easily and inexpensively enforce the Act. Id. at 1152-53.

In light of this decision, we requested additional briefing from the parties. After the parties submitted their supplemental briefs, the...