Nicholson v. State

• Decision Date: 21 March 2012
• Docket Number: No. 55S01–1107–CR–444.,55S01–1107–CR–444.
• Citation: 963 N.E.2d 1096
• Parties: Rodney NICHOLSON, Appellant (Defendant below), v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff below).
• Court: Indiana Supreme Court

963 N.E.2d 1096

Rodney NICHOLSON, Appellant (Defendant below),

v.STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff below).

No. 55S01–1107–CR–444.

Supreme Court of Indiana.

March 21, 2012.

Scott Knierim, Danville, IN, Attorney for Appellant.

Gregory F. Zoeller, Attorney General, Andrew R. Falk, Arturo Rodriguez II, Deputy Attorney Generals, Indianapolis, IN, Attorneys for Appellee.

On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 55A01–1005–CR–251

DAVID, Justice.

This case involves a conviction for stalking under Indiana Code section 35–45–10–5(a) (2008). A majority of the Court of Appeals held that a span of twenty-two months between contacts would not fit the definition of repeated or continuing harassment and therefore would not support a conviction for stalking. We disagree and affirm the trial court, holding that the lag in time between the harassing calls in 2006 and the subsequent single call in 2008 did not foreclose the conviction for stalking, particularly since much of the break in time between the calls was due to defendant's incarceration. Ultimately, the record demonstrated the calls involved a course of conduct involving repeated and continuing harassment of the victims.¹

Facts and Procedural History

In 2006, wife and her daughters received daily phone calls over a six-month period from Rodney Nicholson. Whenever wife or her daughters would answer the phone, the calls would devolve into graphic content. Nicholson would breathe heavily into the phone and make sounds as if he were masturbating. Wife testified at trial that Nicholson said he was going to “put his penis on [her and her daughters] body and masturbate and ejact [sic] and come all over us and things of ... of that nature, and he would breathe as if he was eja ... jaculating or masturbating, as if he was doing that.” Nicholson would hang up the phone when husband would interrupt the conversation. One night in 2006, Nicholson was discovered outside the victims' residence and was arrested. He pled guilty to voyeurism charges and was incarcerated. The phone calls did not stop until Nicholson was incarcerated. From 2006, when he was convicted of voyeurism, until November 1, 2008, Nicholson had no contact with the victims' household.

On November 1, 2008, Nicholson phoned the victims' residence at 1:00 a.m. Wife dialed the number that was left on the caller ID. Nicholson answered the phone. He was breathing heavily in the phone and acting like he was masturbating. Nicholson told wife he was going to masturbate all over [wife's] body. Husband picked up the phone and could hear Nicholson talking about masturbating. When Nicholson heard husband's voice, he hung up the phone. Wife turned to husband and said, “That's [Nicholson's] voice. He's out. It's [Nicholson].” Husband immediately called back, and the phone went to voicemail, identifying Nicholson by name.

The victims reported the incident to the police. Police were able to track the number to Nicholson. The State charged Nicholson with Class C felony stalking and three counts of Class B misdemeanor harassment for calls to wife and two other women identified during its investigation. The State also alleged that Nicholson was a habitual offender.

A jury found Nicholson guilty of the stalking and harassment charges, and he admitted to being a habitual offender. The Court of Appeals reversed and remanded Nicholson's stalking conviction. Nicholson v. State, 948 N.E.2d 820, 824 (Ind.Ct.App.2011). Judge Bradford dissented. Id. at 824 (Bradford, J., dissenting). We granted transfer.

I. Admission of Defendant's Prior Acts

Nicholson first claims that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of his prior conviction for voyeurism and its surrounding circumstances. Nicholson specifically claims that the trial court erred in allowing: (1) the prosecutor to mention Nicholson's voyeurism conviction during his opening statement; (2) the prosecutor to characterize Nicholson as a “peeping torn” during his opening statement; (3) the prosecutor to refer to the circumstances surrounding Nicholson's voyeurism conviction during his opening statement; (4) the prosecutor to introduce testimony from the detective who worked on Nicholson's voyeurism case; and (5) the prosecutor to introduce the husband's testimony about how the incidents surrounding the original voyeurism conviction affected him and his family. Although these were five different instances, they all arise from the mention of Nicholson's original voyeurism conviction and the circumstances surrounding the conviction.

Wide discretion is afforded the trial court in ruling on the admissibility and relevancy of evidence. Smith v. State, 730 N.E.2d 705, 708 (Ind.2000). We review evidentiary decisions for abuse of discretion and reverse only when the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances. Id. “A claim of error in the exclusion or admission of evidence will not prevail on appeal unless the error affects the substantial rights of the moving party.” McCarthy v. State, 749 N.E.2d 528, 536 (Ind.2001).

Our evidentiary rule governing this issue provides,

Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident, provided that upon request by the accused, the prosecution in a criminal case shall provide reasonable notice in advance of trial, or during trial if the court excuses pre-trial notice on good cause shown, of the general nature of any such evidence it intends to introduce at trial.

Ind. Evidence Rule 404(b).

One of this Court's first opinions about Rule 404(b) was in Wickizer v. State, 626 N.E.2d 795 (Ind.1993). “The use of evidence of other crimes, acts and conduct ... to prove matters other than general character has always been problematic for the courts.” Id. at 797 (quoting Gregory Joseph et al., Evidence in America § 14.3 at 6 (1992)). We further recognized that “fundamental to our system of jurisprudence is the notion that the State, relying upon evidence of uncharged misconduct, may not punish a person for his character.” Id. (citing Lannan v. State, 600 N.E.2d 1334, 1338 (Ind.1992)). Admission of this type of prior conduct evidence has the potential to improperly create the “ ‘forbidden inference’—that the defendant acted badly in the past, and that the defendant's present, charged actions conform with those past bad acts....” Hardin v. State, 611 N.E.2d 123, 129 (Ind.1993).

When a trial court assesses the admissibility of 404(b) evidence, it must “(1) determine that the evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is relevant to a matter at issue other than the defendant's propensity to commit the charged act and (2) balance the probative value of the evidence against its prejudicial effect pursuant to Rule 403.” Ortiz v. State, 716 N.E.2d 345, 350 (Ind.1999). Particularly relevant in this case is the exception that evidence about other crimes may be admissible for purposes such as proof of identity. Allen v. State, 720 N.E.2d 707, 711 (Ind.1999). This identity exception was carved out primarily for crimes “so nearly identical that the modus operandi is virtually a ‘signature.’ ” Id. (citing Thompson v. State, 690 N.E.2d 224, 234 (Ind.1997)). This Court has previously said that the crimes must be so strikingly similar that we can say with reasonable certainty that the same person committed them. Penley v. State, 506 N.E.2d 806, 810 (Ind.1987).

We hold that in this instance, the crimes were so strikingly similar and the evidence so inextricably linked as to be necessary and relevant to the matter. The evidence went to the very nature of the charged crime of stalking. As Judge Bradford pointed out in his dissent, “Far from being evidence of ‘other’ acts, it is evidence of the very acts that establish that Nicholson repeatedly harassed the [victims].” Nicholson v. State, 948 N.E.2d 820, 824 n. 3 (2011) (Bradford, J., dissenting). In the 2006 phone calls and in the 2008 call, Nicholson targeted the household late at night and breathed heavily into the phone. In both 2006 and 2008, Nicholson made sounds as if he were masturbating and told the wife and daughters he was going to masturbate and ejaculate on them. When husband picked up the phone, Nicholson always hung up.

Furthermore, Nicholson's voyeurism conviction and the incidents surrounding that conviction are inextricably linked to the stalking charge and conviction. Those 2006 incidents relating to the voyeurism conviction are necessary facts to prove the current stalking case. Finally, the voyeurism case can be used to show absence of mistake in this matter, to show that defendant knew the exact home he was targeting, and to show that he was not dialing a random number but the same phone number he dialed in 2006.

We hold the trial court properly admitted the evidence under Rule 404(b).

II. Repeated or Continuing Harassment

The General Assembly has codified stalking as “[a] person who stalks another person.” Ind.Code § 35–45–10–5(a) (2008). To stalk has been defined as “a knowing or an intentional course of conduct involving repeated or continuing harassment of another person that would cause a reasonable person to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, or threatened.” Id. § 35–45–10–1.

The State is required to prove that Nicholson (1) knowingly or intentionally, (2) engaged in a course of conduct involving repeated or continuing harassment of the victims, (3) that would cause a reasonable person to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, or threatened, and (4) that actually caused the victims to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, or threatened. Johnson v. State, 721 N.E.2d 327, 331 (Ind.Ct.App.1999). As previously stated, a majority of the Court of Appeals held that the 2006 conduct,...