Nilsen v. Franklin Dental Health

• Decision Date: 12 October 2011
• Citation: 34 Misc.3d 1,2011 N.Y. Slip Op. 21362,935 N.Y.S.2d 432
• Parties: John NILSEN, Appellant, v. FRANKLIN DENTAL HEALTH and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., Respondents,andYalena Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., Defendant.Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., Third–Party Plaintiffs,Yalena Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., Third–Party Defendant–Respondent.
• Court: New York Supreme Court — Appellate Division

2011 N.Y. Slip Op. 21362

34 Misc.3d 1

935 N.Y.S.2d 432

John NILSEN, Appellant,

v.FRANKLIN DENTAL HEALTH and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., Respondents,andYalena Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., Defendant.Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., Third–Party Plaintiffs,Yalena Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., Third–Party Defendant–Respondent.

Supreme Court, Appellate Term,2nd, 11th and 13th Judicial Districts.

Oct. 12, 2011.

Robert Alan Saasto, Hicksville, for appellant.

Havkins, Rosenfeld, Ritzert & Varriale, LLP, Mineola (Christopher Gibbons of counsel), for respondents.

Mauro, Lilling & Naparty, LLP, Great Neck (Katherine Solomon of counsel), for third-party defendant-respondent.Present: WESTON, J.P., PESCE and RIOS, JJ.

Appeal from a judgment of the Civil Court of the City of New York, Kings County (Carolyn E. Wade, J.), entered July 1, 2010. The judgment, entered upon an order denying plaintiff's motion to direct a verdict in plaintiff's favor against defendant Franklin Dental Health and granting the motions of defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and third-party defendant Yalena Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., to set aside a jury verdict in favor of plaintiff as against defendant Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and to direct a verdict in favor of defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., on the complaint, and defendant Yalena Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., on the third-party complaint, dismissed the complaint and, in effect, the third-party complaint.

ORDERED that the judgment is modified by striking the dismissal of the complaint insofar as asserted against defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and the dismissal of the third-party complaint; the order denying plaintiff's motion to direct a verdict in plaintiff's favor against defendant Franklin Dental Health and granting the motions by defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and third-party defendant Yalena Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., to set aside the jury verdict and to direct a verdict in their favor is vacated; the motions by defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and third-party defendant Yalena Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., to set aside the jury verdict in favor of plaintiff as against defendant Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and to direct a verdict in favor of defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., on the complaint, and defendant Yalena Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., on the third-party complaint, are granted to the extent of setting aside the jury verdict and ordering a new trial as to so much of the complaint as is asserted against defendant Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S.; plaintiff's motion to direct a verdict in his favor against defendant Franklin Dental Health is granted to the extent of ordering a new trial on plaintiff's complaint insofar as asserted against defendant Franklin Dental Health; the third-party complaint is reinstated; and the matter is remitted to the Civil Court for a new trial on the complaint insofar as asserted against defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and for all further proceedings on the third-party complaint; as so modified, the judgment is affirmed, without costs.

Plaintiff commenced this action against Franklin Dental Health (Franklin), its owner Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and Yalena Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., to recover damages for dental malpractice, alleging negligent dental treatment in 2003. Plaintiff testified at trial that he had made an appointment for an examination and a cleaning at Franklin's facility after receiving a brochure from his union indicating that Franklin would provide dental treatment to union members. On his first visit, he had his teeth cleaned, and X rays were taken. Apparently, a treatment plan was also formulated, and he was told by Dr. Youdeem and two other dentists, one of whom he identified as Dr. Ladyzhenskaya, that he needed to have root canal work done, although, he stated, he was not in any pain. On his second visit, Dr. Ladyzhenskaya did a root canal procedure on tooth # 4. On his third visit, Dr. Ladyzhenskaya did a root canal procedure on tooth # 5 and, during the course of that procedure, he suffered severe pain. Eventually, his cheek became red and swollen. He testified that, as of the date of trial in April and May of 2010, he was still unable to chew food on that side of his mouth. Plaintiff's expert testified that defendants' negligence was predicated upon the formulation of plaintiff's treatment plan and in the administration of sodium hypochlorite during the root canal procedure on tooth # 5.

Dr. Ladyzhenskaya testified that she practiced at Franklin about two or three days per week and that she was an independent contractor. She was paid by Franklin by check, and no taxes were taken out of the checks that she received from Franklin. No one at Franklin supervised her work, and another dentist at Franklin, Dr. Boujouran, who is not a party to this action, had formulated the treatment plan which recommended root canal treatment. She had no independent recollection of plaintiff.

Dr. Youdeem testified that Franklin was a professional corporation and that she was its sole owner. There were several dentists at Franklin, including Dr. Ladyzhenskaya, who worked as independent contractors, and who were paid on a per diem basis. New patients were assigned to the dentists who happened to be working at the time they came in. The first time that plaintiff came to Franklin, he was assigned to Dr. Boujouran, who formulated plaintiff's treatment plan.

During the course of the trial, the Civil Court granted Dr. Ladyzhenskaya's motion to dismiss the complaint as against her on statute of limitations grounds. Thereafter, Franklin and Dr. Youdeem commenced a third-party action against Dr. Ladyzhenskaya for, among other things, indemnification and contribution.

The Civil Court charged the jury on vicarious liability (PJI 2:255), instructing the jury that Franklin could be liable for the acts of its employees but not for the acts of independent contractors. The court declined plaintiff's request, with respect to the issue of Franklin's liability, that the doctrine of ostensible agency be charged. The verdict sheet did not include an interrogatory regarding Franklin's liability, but did contain, among other things, an interrogatory regarding whether Dr. Ladyzhenskaya was an independent contractor. The jury returned a verdict finding that Dr. Youdeem was not negligent in formulating the treatment plan, that Dr. Ladyzhenskaya was an independent contractor, that Dr. Ladyzhenskaya was negligent in administering the sodium hypochlorite and that Dr. Ladyzhenskaya's negligence was a substantial factor in causing plaintiff's injury. In apportioning liability, the jury found that Dr. Youdeem was 10 percent at fault and that Dr. Ladyzhenskaya was 90 percent at fault. The jury then proceeded to award plaintiff damages for his dental expenses, and for past and future pain and suffering. Although there had been some off-the-record discussion about resubmitting the verdict sheet to the jury due to a possible inconsistency in the verdict, this apparently was not done, and the jury was discharged.

After the jury was excused, plaintiff objected to the fact that the court had not asked the jury to reconsider its answers to the interrogatories on the verdict sheet, and asked the court to direct a verdict against Franklin based upon the jury's finding of liability on the part of Dr. Ladyzhenskaya. By separate motions Franklin and Dr. Youdeem, and Dr. Ladyzhenskaya, moved to set aside the jury verdict in favor of plaintiff and against Dr. Youdeem and to direct a verdict in their favor. The court, stating that it was clear that the jury had found no liability, opted to set aside the jury verdict and direct that judgment be entered dismissing the complaint and, in effect, the third-party complaint. A judgment was entered accordingly, and this appeal by plaintiff ensued.

Ordinarily, a hospital or clinic will be liable for the negligent acts of an employee, but not for the negligent acts of an independent contractor. Nevertheless, vicarious liability may be imposed upon a hospital or clinic for the negligence of an independent contractor under a theory of apparent or ostensible agency ( Kavanaugh v. Nussbaum, 71 N.Y.2d 535, 547, 528 N.Y.S.2d 8, 523 N.E.2d 284 [1988] [“vicarious liability for medical (or dental) malpractice generally turns on agency or control in fact, or apparent or ostensible agency”] ). Thus, where a hospital or clinic holds out an independent contractor to be its agent or employee, it may be estopped from asserting such independent...