Noll v. Rahal

• Decision Date: 12 January 1979
• Docket Number: No. 770752,770752
• Citation: 219 Va. 795,250 S.E.2d 741
• Parties: Margaret A. NOLL, Administrator, etc. v. Frederick RAHAL, M.D., et al. Record
• Court: Virginia Supreme Court

Page 741

250 S.E.2d 741

219 Va. 795

Margaret A. NOLL, Administrator, etc. v. Frederick RAHAL, M.D., et al.

Record No. 770752.

Supreme Court of Virginia.

Jan. 12, 1979.

Robert Cantor, Richmond (Abraham J. Dere, Cantor & Cantor, Richmond, on briefs), for plaintiff in error.

R. Carter Scott, III, Kimberly T. Henry, Richmond (Browder, Russell, Little, Morris & Butcher, Richmond, on brief), for defendants in error.

Before I'ANSON, C. J., and CARRICO, HARRISON, COCHRAN, HARMAN, POFF and COMPTON, JJ.

COMPTON, Justice.

In this medical malpractice case, the plaintiff challenges the trial court's ruling that her proffered expert witness was not qualified to testify concerning the standard of care applicable to pediatricians practicing their specialty in the metropolitan area in question at the time this cause of action arose.

Appellant Margaret A. Noll filed suit in May of 1976 in her representative capacity against appellees Frederick Rahal, M.D. and Michael Jaffe, M.D. for the alleged wrongful death in 1974 of her eleven-year-old son, David Glenn Noll. She alleged that the physicians, both pediatricians practicing in the City of Richmond-Henrico County metropolitan area, negligently failed to diagnose and treat Rocky Mountain spotted fever which caused her child's death. In their pleadings, defendants specifically denied these allegations.

During the jury trial, the court refused to permit the witness, Dr. Lloyd Kramer, to express his opinion to the jury. Thereafter, the court struck the plaintiff's evidence at the conclusion of her evidence-in-chief and entered summary judgment for the defendants. We granted the plaintiff a writ of error to the February 1977 final order.

On May 20, 1974, plaintiff's decedent awoke suffering from neck pain and from discomfort behind one ear. Noticing that a "gland" behind the boy's ear appeared swollen, the mother took her son to the Henrico County office of the defendants, who were associated in the practice of pediatrics. The child was examined by defendant Jaffe who concluded that David had a virus. The only treatment recommended was use of a non-prescription medication, Tylenol. The mother testified that subsequent to the diagnosis but before leaving the physicians' office, she remembered that David had previously told her that his head was "sore." She stated that she then called this complaint to Jaffe's attention who, upon examination, pointed out to her a "tick bite" on the side of the head. She testified that thereafter the diagnosis was not changed and she took David home. ¹

David's condition worsened and on May 22 a rash appeared on his body. Following an office examination by Jaffe on that day, the illness was diagnosed as measles and the plaintiff was instructed to continue use of the Tylenol. David's situation continued to deteriorate and on Saturday, May 25, the plaintiff telephoned the defendants' office. She spoke with Dr. Rahal, related the child's symptoms, and told him of Jaffe's diagnosis of measles. Rahal then prescribed medication over the telephone to control the child's vomiting.

The following day, David was "considerably worse" and the plaintiff took her son to the defendants' office that afternoon to see Rahal. The boy collapsed at the office and went into convulsions. He was then rushed to a hospital in Henrico County where it was determined that the child had Rocky Mountain spotted fever from which he died on May 28 at the Medical College of Virginia Hospital.

The proffered testimony of the witness Kramer, taken out of the jury's presence, was that the defendants had negligently diagnosed and treated the decedent. Kramer further testified that had the defendants made a timely diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and instituted proper treatment, the child would have "survived the onslaught" of the disease.

During the proffer, Kramer, a pediatrician, testified that he was 36 years of age and resided in Northern Virginia at McLean. He stated that he received his undergraduate degree in 1962 and his Doctor of Medicine in 1966, both from the University of Maryland. He performed a "straight pediatric internship" for two years at a Baltimore, Maryland hospital followed by a third year of residency at the University of Florida Hospital. Following the internship, Kramer practiced pediatrics for two years in South Carolina until 1971 while serving in the Air Force. For the next two years, he "did a fellowship" in newborn medicine at Georgetown University in the District of Columbia, obtaining "some training experience in Virginia" during that time. During the period commencing after completion of the fellowship in 1973 up to the February 1977 trial, Kramer had been Director of Nurseries at the Fairfax Hospital in Falls Church.

Kramer became "Board certified" in pediatrics in 1972 and in newborn medicine in 1975. He had authored three articles in the field of pediatrics which appeared in medical publications in 1969, 1975 and 1976.

He testified that, in general, newborn medicine involves care and treatment of infants up to six months of age and that his medical practice since 1973 had been limited primarily to that age group. He stated that from July of 1973 to May of 1974 he had treated a "very limited number" of children over six months old and this experience was in consultation with other physicians. He further testified that since his arrival in Virginia in 1973 he had not seen or treated any patients for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, although he had treated the disease previously; that while he had seen patients with measles following his coming to Virginia, he had not treated any such patients; and that he had never practiced medicine in the City of Richmond or in Henrico County.

Kramer testified that he was familiar with the standard of care used by physicians who practiced pediatric medicine in the metropolitan area of Richmond in May of 1974. He set forth the following bases for this familiarity.

First, he stated that he was a member of the Medical Society of Virginia. Also, he regularly read one of the Society's publications, "The Virginia Monthly", which had articles written by Virginia physicians on all phases of medicine including pediatrics. He testified that such articles "would lend themselves to what is felt to be the proper standard of care for physicians practicing in the State of Virginia." He could not recall seeing any articles in that journal on the management of patients with Rocky Mountain spotted fever, but he testified that in his reading "over the course of the years" in the field of pediatrics generally, he had reviewed current articles in national publications about the disease in question. This study, the witness said, revealed the means by which the disease was treated and the accepted medical practice for this particular malady. He stated that "the standard of medical practice for this illness seems to be fairly uniform throughout the country."

In addition, he said that he participated in meetings throughout Virginia "periodically" which allowed him to "interact with physicians from all parts of the state and hear what their criteria for proper medical care is." He stated that he did not recall having discussed the diagnosis and treatment of Rocky Mountain spotted fever with any Virginia practitioner. At the time of trial, Kramer was planning to participate two weeks hence in the annual meeting of the Virginia Chapter of the "Academy of Pediatrics."

Furthermore, Kramer had been teaching pediatrics and newborn medicine, at the Fairfax Hospital, to family practice residents from Richmond's Medical College of Virginia. As a result of these teaching duties, Kramer stated he had "discourse" on pediatric medicine with the physicians in charge of the teaching program at that college. Kramer stated that he was "personally familiar" with one pediatrician in the Richmond area, who was on the college medical staff in the Department of Pediatrics.

Summarizing, Kramer stated that because of his experience, his "current awareness" of the disease, and his contact with physicians throughout Virginia which "represent a reasonable cross-section of practicing pediatricians", he felt "competent in assessing the treating of Rocky Mountain spotted fever."

In moving to exclude Kramer's testimony, the defendants' sole contention was that the plaintiff had not established "within reasonable latitude" Kramer's "familiarity" generally with the practice of pediatrics, or his specific knowledge of such practice in the Richmond metropolitan area. Stating that he was guided by our recent cases of Bly v. Rhoads, 216 Va. 645, 222 S.E.2d 783 (1976) and Little v. Cross, 217 Va. 71, 225 S.E.2d 387 (1976), the trial judge ruled that Kramer was not qualified to testify about the professional standard required of pediatricians practicing in the ...