Northern Pac Co v. Lewis, 166

• Citation: 16 S.Ct. 831,162 U.S. 366,40 L.Ed. 1002
• Decision Date: 13 April 1896
• Docket Number: No. 166,166
• Parties: NORTHERN PAC. R. CO. v. LEWIS et al
• Court: United States Supreme Court

162 U.S. 366

16 S.Ct. 831

40 L.Ed. 1002

NORTHERN PAC. R. CO.

v LEWIS et al.

No. 166.

April 13, 1896.

This action was brought by the defendants in error against the railroad company to recover damages for the destruction of some 10,000 cords of wood by fire communicated to the wood by sparks from the engines of the company.

It was alleged, in the amended complaint, that the railroad company neglected and failed, for a long time prior to the happening of the fire, and while using and operating their railroad, to keep each side of the railroad track free from dead grass, weeds, brush, and other dangerous and combustible material, as by law they were required to do, and that the company used locomotives which threw from their smokestacks large amounts of live cinders and sparks, and that the company carelessly and negligently operated and used its road, and by reason thereof, and on the 5th day of August, 1890, in Jefferson county, Mont., set fire to the grass, weeds, and other combustible and dangerous material, which the defendant had negligently and carelessly allowed to remain by the side of the track, and the fire spread rapidly, and consumed and destroyed the cord wood belonging to the plaintiffs, as partners, then being in Jefferson county, Mont., and along and near the railroad track, of the amount of 9,400 cords, and of the value of $25,350.

The defendant, by its answer, denied all negligence, and denied 'that , on or about the date aforesaid, or on any other day or date, the defendant set any fire which consumed or destroyed any cord wood belonging to the plaintiffs or any or either of them.' The defendant also put in issue the value of the cord wood, and alleged that whatever was lost was lost through the contributory negligence of the plaintiffs.

The case came on for trial at the circuit court of the United States for the Ninth circuit, for the district of Montana, held in December, 1891, and January, 1892, and resulted in a verdict for the plaintiffs for the sum of $21,487.83. The company sued out a writ of error from the United States circuit court of appeals for the Ninth circuit, and that court affirmed the judgment. 7 U. S. App. 254, 2 C. C. A. 446, 51 Fed. 658. The company then sued out a writ of error from this court.

Upon the trial of the action, the plaintiffs, to maintain the issues on their part, introduced evidence tending to show that, in the month of April, in the year 1889, they entered upon a portion of the unsurveyed public domain of the United States, lying on the easterly slope of the Rocky Mountains, in the county of Jefferson, state of Montana, and there chopped and caused to be chopped about 10,000 cords of wood from the timber then standing and growing upon such public lands; that the wood was cut over an area of country about three miles, north and south, and about two by two and a half miles, east and west; that the wood so cut was white pine, and much of it was made of trees of less diameter than eight inches. The plaintiffs also gave evidence that they were citizens of the United States, and that the plaintiff George S. Lewis, at the date of the cutting of said wood, was a resident of Butte, Mont., and that the other plaintiffs resided at White Sulphur Springs, in the state of Montana. It was further shown that, after the wood was cut, it was drawn to a point near the railroad, and there piled; that the place where the wood was so piled was on the unsurveyed public lands of the United States, and about 200 yards south of the railroad operated by the defendant.

Plaintiffs also gave evidence tending to show that they had purchased from various parties, during the summer of 1890, about 5,000 cords of white pine cord wood, which had also been cut on the public unsurveyed lands of the United States, some of it on the tract of country from which plaintiffs had cut, and the remainder was cut on the north side of the railroad track above mentioned, and over a strip or area of country about two miles in length. Further evidence was iven on the part of plaintiffs tending to show negligence on the part of the defendant either in the construction or in the management of its engines, and tending to show that the fire which destroyed the wood in question was communicated to it as alleged in the amended complaint.

Evidence was given on the part of the defendant tending to show that it was not guilty of any negligence in the premises, and that it was not liable for the results of any fire which may have destroyed the wood in question.

At the conclusion of all the evidence, the defendant moved the court to instruct the jury to return a verdict for it upon the grounds:

'(1) That the title or ownership of the wood is directly in issue, and the testimony does not show that the plaintiffs had either a general or special property in the said cord wood or any thereof.

'(2) The testimony shows that, at the time said cord wood was destroyed, the same was the property of the United States, and that, in and about the cutting and removal thereof from the public unsurveyed lands of the United States, the said plaintiffs were trespassers and wrongdoers.

'(3) The testimony does not show that the lands whereon the cord wood was cut were distinctly mineral in character, or were more valuable for the mineral therein contained than for agricultural purposes, or for the timber growing thereon.

'(4) The testimony does not show that such cord wood was cut under the license granted by the act of congress of June 3, 1878, or in compliance with the rules and regulations established thereunder by the secretary of the interior, but, on the contrary, the evidence clearly shows that the said cord wood, and the whole thereof, was cut in utter disregard of said act of congress and the said rules and regulations of the secretary of the interior.

'(5) Because the testimony shows that said cord wood was the property of the United States, and that plaintiffs have neither right nor title thereto nor the possession thereof.'

Other grounds were stated not material to be now considered.

The court denied the motion, and refused to so instruct the jury, and the defendant duly excepted.

The defendant then, among other requests, asked the court to charge the jury that, 'it being shown conclusively, by the testimony in this case, that plaintiffs cut said cord wood on lands belonging to the United States, that such cord wood was so cut without license or authority of the United States, and was not removed from such lands at the date it was consumed, the plaintiffs did not have either the actual or constructive possession of such wood at the date of its destruction, and are therefore not entitled to recover.' This request was refused, and defendant duly excepted.

The court was further asked to charge that, 'if you should find, from the testimony, that plaintiffs purchased some of this wood from other parties, who had cut it from trees growing in that vicinity, this will make no difference so far as their right to or ownership of such wood is concerned. The region of country where this cutting was done being public unsurveyed lands of the United States, the plaintiffs were bound, at their peril, to take notice of the fact that the timber growing thereon was the property of the United States, and could only lawfully be severed therefrom under the provisions of the act of congress of June 3, 1878, and in compliance with the rules and regulations established thereunder. In order to prove their title to so much of the wood as was purchased, it is not enough to show that they bought it of a certain named person, but plaintiffs must go further, and show that the person had acquired title to it by compliance with the act of congress and rules and regulations prescribed by the secretary of the interior. If the person cutting such wood was himself a trespasser, he acquired no title to the wood cut, and could convey none to plaintiffs. The rightful owner of such wood could follow it and reclaim it, no matter where, or in whose possession it might be foun , so long as he could identify it.'

This request the court refused, and the defendant duly excepted to such refusal.

Among many other assignments of error made by the defendant is the following: 'The court also erred in refusing to give the instruction requested by the defendant in the following words, to wit: 'It being shown conclusively, by the testimony in this case, that plaintiffs cut said cord wood on lands belonging to the United States, that such cord wood was so cut without license or authority of the United States, and was not removed from such lands at the date when it was consumed, the plaintiffs did not have either the actual or constructive possession of such wood at the date of its destruction, and are, therefore, not entitled to recover."

W. J. Curtis, for plaintiff in error.

Thomas C. Bach, for defendants in error.

[Argument of Counsel from pages 370-372 intentionally omitted] Mr. Justice PECKHAM, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court.

The cases cited by the defendants in error show the doctrine to be quite clearly established that an action of trespass de bonis asportatis does not technically involve the question of title. It relates to the possession only of personal property, and it is brought to recover for the injury to that possession. In such action it is held that an allegation of the ownership of the property is not material, and that it need not be made, or, if made, that it need not be proved. Proof of possession simply is sufficient, upon the theory that possession is prima facie evidence of some kind of rightful ownership or title. Therefore it is held that proof of title to property in a stranger, with whom the defendant does not connect himself in any way, is no defense to the action, as the injury is to the possession. Trespass de bonis asportatis assumes a taking of the property by the...