Oehl v. Oehl, 781397

• Decision Date: 26 November 1980
• Docket Number: No. 781397,781397
• Citation: 272 S.E.2d 441,221 Va. 618
• Court: Virginia Supreme Court
• Parties: Vandra Collingsworth OEHL v. Barry Donald OEHL. Record

Page 441

272 S.E.2d 441

221 Va. 618

Vandra Collingsworth OEHL v. Barry Donald OEHL.

Record No. 781397.

Supreme Court of Virginia.

Nov. 26, 1980.

Leonard S. Sattler, Arlington (Bray & Sattler, Arlington, on briefs), for appellant.

Bernard S. Cohen, Alexandria (Cohen, Vitt & Annand, Alexandria, on brief), for appellee.

Before I'ANSON, C. J., and CARRICO, HARRISON, COCHRAN, HARMAN, POFF and COMPTON, JJ.

POFF, Justice.

This appeal poses the question whether a Virginia trial court erred in failing to grant comity to an order of an English court.

Barry Donald Oehl and Vandra Collingsworth Oehl, both English subjects, were married in London in 1963. Two children were born of the marriage, one in August 1968 and the other in April 1970. On October 4, 1970, Mr. Oehl deserted his wife and children. An English magistrate granted custody of the infants to Mrs. Oehl, awarded Mr. Oehl "reasonable access to the children", and ordered Mr. Oehl to make monthly child support payments.

In 1973, Mr. Oehl, who had moved to Virginia, filed suit in the court below seeking a no-fault divorce from his wife, who had remained with the children in England. Mrs. Oehl filed a cross-bill for divorce on the ground of desertion. By decree entered October 7, 1974, the chancellor granted Mr. Oehl a no-fault divorce, awarded "complete custody and control" of the children to Mrs. Oehl, "subject to reasonable rights of visitation" by Mr. Oehl, and ordered Mr. Oehl to pay $30 per month for spousal support and $120 per month for child support.

In January 1976, responding to a rule to show cause why he was $2100 in arrears in support payments, Mr. Oehl petitioned the chancellor to reduce the support awards and to enforce his rights of visitation by compelling Mrs. Oehl to send the children to the United States. Arrearages continued to accumulate, and in February 1977, the chancellor released the liens on Mr. Oehl's Virginia real estate and ordered that the net receipts from the sale of the property be placed in escrow to insure payment of $3790 due to Mrs. Oehl. Mr. Oehl then renewed his motion to compel visitation privileges in the United States. Although no order was entered of record, the parties agree that the chancellor verbally granted Mr. Oehl's motion at a hearing in May 1977.

In July 1977, Mrs. Oehl filed an application in the High Court of Justice in England (hereinafter, the English court) requesting that the children be declared wards of that court and that the court provide "directions" concerning Mr. Oehl's rights of visitation. An "originating summons" was issued, and Mr. Oehl acknowledged receipt of process and stated his position in a letter dated August 9, 1977.

Shortly thereafter, Mr. Oehl filed a motion in the court below seeking a rule against Mrs. Oehl to show cause why she had not complied with the verbal order announced in May. At a hearing on this rule, both parties submitted draft orders, but neither was entered and the cause was continued.

Meanwhile, the English court received evidence in support of the application filed by Mrs. Oehl. Included were numerous letters and affidavits filed by the children's neighbors, their maternal and paternal grandparents, and their teachers. The evidence indicated that the children, who were formerly well-adjusted, had recently begun to exhibit behavioral symptoms of emotional stress, including weeping, bed-wetting, nightmares, aggressive conduct, and scholastic regression. A physician called to treat one of the children diagnosed his symptoms as "solely attributable to anxiety over the possibility of his leaving to go to live in the United States and leave his mother."

In consideration of this evidence, the English court entered an order on February 27, 1978 (hereinafter, the English order) finding that "the welfare of the children would not be served by them visiting America to stay with a father and his wife both of whom are unknown persons to them." Based upon this finding, the English order declared the children "Wards of this Court" and provided that Mr. Oehl's "access to the said minors (be) limited to access in England under the supervision of an acceptable party".

Mrs. Oehl then petitioned the court below to amend its verbal order to conform with the terms of the English order. The chancellor proceeded to hear evidence on this motion and Mr. Oehl's pending motion to compel compliance with the verbal order. Testifying at the hearing, Mr. Oehl acknowledged that, although he had returned to England on one or more visits, he had not seen the children since he left his wife shortly after the second child was born.

The order challenged by Mrs. Oehl on appeal was entered June 30, 1978. Finding that Mr. Oehl "is entitled to reasonable Stateside rights of visitation", the chancellor granted Mr. Oehl "rights of visitation in the United States ... during the thirty-one (31) days of each July hereafter"; required Mr. Oehl to "bear all costs of ... round-trip transportation" of the children; and provided that "in the event (Mrs. Oehl) disobeys this Court's rulings with respect to (Mr. Oehl's) aforesaid rights of visitation, ... child support, maintenance and alimony payments heretofore ordered shall ipso facto be suspended until such time as this Court has been satisfied that (Mrs. Oehl) is no longer in non-compliance with this Order."

The crucial issue raised by Mrs. Oehl's appeal is whether the chancellor erred in failing to grant comity to the February 27, 1978 order of the English court modifying the visitation clause of the child custody order entered in the court below on October 7, 1974. We begin our analysis by examining the relevance of the full faith and credit clause, U.S.Const., art. IV, § 1, as applied to child custody orders entered by the states of the union.

Since a child custody order is not res judicata in the forum state, it is not necessarily entitled to full faith and credit in the courts of other states. Ford v. Ford, 371 U.S. 187, 192, 83 S.Ct. 273, 276, 9 L.Ed.2d 240 (1962); Kovacs v. Brewer, 356 U.S. 604, 607, 78 S.Ct. 963, 965, 2 L.Ed.2d 1008 (1958); New York ex rel. Halvey v. Halvey, 330 U.S. 610, 615-16, 67 S.Ct. 903, 906-907, 91 L.Ed. 1133 (1947). This is because the initial order is inherently transitory, subject always to modification for just cause by courts of competent jurisdiction. A modification order enjoys a presumption of validity and should be accorded full faith and credit until the presumption is overcome or until changed conditions justify further modification.

While the full faith and credit doctrine is not literally applicable to this case, it is conceptually analogous to the doctrine of comity. In the landmark decision discussing "comity of nations", the Supreme Court said:

"No law has any effect, of its own force, beyond the limits of the sovereignty from which its authority is derived. The extent to which the law of one nation, as put in force within its territory, ... shall be allowed to operate within the dominion of another nation, depends upon what our greatest jurists have been content to call the 'comity of nations'....

" 'Comity', in the legal sense, is neither a matter of absolute obligation, on the one hand, nor one of mere courtesy and good will, upon the other. But it is the recognition which one nation allows within its territory to the legislative, executive or judicial acts of another nation, having due regard both to international duty...