Ohio Democratic Party v. LaRose

Decision Date29 September 2020
Docket NumberNo. 20AP-421, No. 20AP-428,20AP-421
Citation159 N.E.3d 852
Parties OHIO DEMOCRATIC PARTY et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Frank LAROSE, in his official capacity as Ohio Secretary of State, Defendant-Appellant. Ohio Democratic Party et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Frank LaRose, in his official capacity as Ohio Secretary of State, Defendant-Appellee, [Donald J. Trump for President, Inc., the Ohio Republican Party, the Republican National Committee, and the National Republican Congressional Committee, Intervenors-Appellants].
CourtOhio Court of Appeals

DECISION

KLATT, J.

{¶ 1} Appellants, Frank LaRose in his official capacity as Ohio Secretary of State ("Secretary LaRose" or "the secretary") and Donald J. Trump for President, Inc., the Ohio Republican Party, and the National Republican Congressional Committee (hereinafter collectively referred to as "the Republican committees"), appeal from a September 11, 2020 judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas granting a motion for preliminary injunction filed by appellees, Ohio Democratic Party ("ODP") and Jay Michael Houlahan to enjoin the secretary from enforcing his directive that boards of election accept delivery of applications for absentee ballots only as submitted in person or by mail and therefore not by electronic means such as email or fax. Because of the unrebutted, compelling evidence of harm to third parties and the great public interest in preserving the security of Ohio's 2020 general election, and because appellees have demonstrated only that R.C. 3509.03 does not itself prohibit any particular method of application delivery but have failed to show a substantial likelihood of success on claims regarding the secretary's duties to instruct the boards as to what methods of delivery now to accommodate, we reverse the trial court's decision granting the requested preliminary injunction.

I. BACKGROUND
A. Absentee voting by mail in Ohio

{¶ 2} The Ohio Elections Code authorizes a "no-fault" system of absentee voting in which any "qualified elector"1 may choose to vote by absentee ballot in an election. (Grandjean Aff. at ¶ 5; R.C. 3509.02.) A qualified elector who would like to cast their vote by absentee ballot in an election "shall make written application for those ballots to the director of elections of the county in which the elector's voting residence is located." R.C. 3509.03(A). "[T]he application need not be in any particular form but shall contain" certain identification information, required statements, and the elector's signature. R.C. 3509.03(B). The secretary has prescribed a standard application that voters may use to request an absentee ballot, Form No. 11-A, but an applicant is not required to use this form to request a ballot. Once completed, an application for an absentee ballot "shall be delivered to the director [of the county board of elections]." R.C. 3509.03(D). The code does not specify the methods for delivery.

{¶ 3} The Ohio secretary of state is authorized to issue directives to county boards of elections. R.C. 3501.05(B) and (C) ; R.C. 3501.053. Directive 2019-28, a directive in place since December 18, 2019 and a part of the Ohio Elections Manual, provides a procedure for qualified electors to submit their applications for absentee ballots in person and by mail. (Grandjean Aff. at ¶ 31; Directive 2019-28 at 4-5.) That procedure mirrors the rule directed by secretaries of state since 2007. A separate code section addresses methods by which uniformed services or overseas absent voters (also called "UOCAVA" voters after the operative federal act, "Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act") may submit their application for an absentee ballot. They "may personally deliver the application to the director or may mail it, send it by facsimile machine, send it by electronic mail, send it through internet delivery if such delivery is offered by the board of elections or the secretary of state, or otherwise send it to the director." R.C. 3511.02(A)(1).

{¶ 4} A qualified elector who wants to vote by absentee ballot in a November election is able to deliver his or her application to the director of the county board of elections beginning January 1st of the election year and cannot deliver it later than 12:00 p.m. on the Saturday before the election. R.C. 3509.03(D). Once the director of the county board of elections verifies the applicant is a qualified elector, the director delivers the absentee ballot and return envelope "to the applicant in person or mail directly to the applicant by special delivery mail, air mail, or regular mail, postage prepaid." R.C. 3509.04(B). Boards may begin mailing absentee ballots to those who have requested them on the first day after the close of voter registration before election day (30 days prior to the election) and may continue mailing absentee ballots as they receive valid applications up until 12:00 p.m. the Saturday before election day. Directive 2019-28 at 5; R.C. 3509.01(B) ; R.C. 3503.12. For UOCAVA voters, absentee ballots must be printed and ready for use on the 46th day before the day of the election. Directive 2019-28 at 5-19; R.C. 3511.021. The qualified elector must mail the absentee ballot to the director, personally deliver it to the director, or have certain family members deliver it to the director, with an exception provided for disabled and confined absentee voters. R.C. 3509.05 ; R.C. 3509.08.

B. The 2020 Ohio primary election and lead up to the November general election

{¶ 5} Ohio's primary election was scheduled for March 17, 2020. On March 9, 2020, Governor Mike DeWine declared a state of emergency in response to the spread of COVID-19 and, the day before the election, announced that it was unsafe to hold in-person voting for the primary election. Legal challenges surrounding the primary election and the various government responses followed, including: a lawsuit seeking an emergency delay of the election (denied); an order from the Ohio's Department of Health Director prohibiting polling locations from operating; Secretary LaRose issuing a Directive 2020-06 to suspend in-person voting in the primary election until June 2, 2020; lawsuits challenging the secretary's Directive; the General Assembly passing H.B. No. 197 (to, among many other COVID-19 related relief provisions, set April 28, 2020 as the deadline by which absentee ballots must be received); and a lawsuit challenging that law (temporary restraining order denied).2 On March 22, 2020, Ohioans were ordered, with some exceptions, to stay home and to maintain social distancing staying at least six feet apart from each other.

{¶ 6} The stay-at-home order was lifted in May 2020. Since then restrictions gradually have been removed and replaced by guidance and requirements for reopening; a state-wide mask order added by the governor in July remains in place.3

{¶ 7} In anticipation of the 2020 general election, on July 17, 2020, Secretary LaRose issued a temporary directive, Directive 2020-13, to all county boards of elections to address "Preparation for the Statewide Mailings of Absentee Ballot Applications for the November 3, 2020 General Election." (Directive 2020-13, Am. Compl., Ex. A at 1.) The directive announced that the secretary of state's office will mail an absentee ballot application to every registered Ohio voter in "active" or "confirmation" status. (Directive 2020-13 at 1.) Citing R.C. 3509.03, Directive 2020-13 also stated, "[t]he voter must complete the absentee ballot application by providing the voter's date of birth, identification, and signature before sealing the application in the reply envelope and submitting it to the voter's county board of elections in person or by mail , with the voter affixing a first-class stamp." (Emphasis added.) (Directive 2020-13 at 1.) The mailings of absentee ballot applications to all registered voters went into the last phase of the printing process on July 31, 2020 and began to go out the last week in August; they contain return envelopes for the applications. (Grandjean Aff. at ¶ 12, 16.)

C. Instant litigation

{¶ 8} On July 31, 2020,4 appellees filed a complaint for a declaratory judgment and injunctive relief pertaining to the methods of submitting a completed written application for an absentee ballot under the language of R.C. 3509.03. Specifically, appellees asserted in their complaint that they are entitled to the following declarations:

COUNT ONE
R.C. 3509.03 does not prohibit qualified electors from making application for an absentee ballot by emailing an image of their application to their county board of elections or by other viable electronic form of transmission, such as facsimile machine[.]
COUNT TWO
Qualified electors have a right under R.C. 3509.03 to make application for an absentee ballot by emailing an image of their application to their county board of elections or by other viable electronic form of transmission, such as facsimile machine, and to have their application processed in the same manner as a hard-copy application[.]
[COUNT THREE]
[R]efusal to accept qualified electors' applications for absentee ballots that are timely emailed or transmitted by other viable electronic form of transmission, such as facsimile machine, to the appropriate county board of elections and contain all the required information set forth in RC. 3509.03 constitutes a denial of the electors' rights to equal protection of the laws guaranteed by Article I, Section 2 of the Ohio Constitution.
[COUNT FOUR]
[R]efusal to accept qualified electors' applications for absentee ballots that are timely emailed or transmitted by other viable electronic form of transmission, such as by facsimile machine, to the appropriate county board of elections and contain all the required information set forth in RC. 3509.03 constitutes a denial of the electors' due process rights guaranteed by Article I, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution.

(Am. Compl. at 15-18.) A...

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