Ohio State Conference of the Nat'l Ass'n for the Advancement of Colored People v. Husted

• Citation: 769 F.3d 385
• Decision Date: 12 September 2014
• Docket Number: No. 14–3877.,14–3877.
• Parties: OHIO STATE CONFERENCE OF the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE, et al., Plaintiffs–Appellees, v. Jon HUSTED, in his official capacity as Ohio Secretary of State; Mike Dewine, in his official capacity as Ohio Attorney General ; Defendants–Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Sixth Circuit

769 F.3d 385

OHIO STATE CONFERENCE OF the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE, et al., Plaintiffs–Appellees

v.Jon HUSTED, in his official capacity as Ohio Secretary of State; Mike Dewine, in his official capacity as Ohio Attorney General ; Defendants–Appellants.

No. 14–3877.

United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.

Sept. 12, 2014*.

ORDER

KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge.

On September 9, 2014, Defendants Ohio Secretary of State Jon Husted and Ohio Attorney General Mike DeWine moved the district court to stay its September 4, 2014 order granting a preliminary injunction (the “Order”) to Plaintiffs Ohio State Conference of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People et al. (“NAACP”) pending resolution of this matter on appeal. Plaintiffs filed a response opposing the motion for a stay on September 10, 2014. The district court denied the motion for a stay on September 10, 2014. R. 82 (Dist. Ct. Order Den. Stay at 4–5) (Page ID # 5992–93).

On September 11, 2014, Defendants requested this court to issue an order staying “any immediate commands” of the district court's order granting a preliminary injunction “that could possibly require action before this Court can resolve the appeal.” Defs. Mot. for Stay, Mem. in Supp. at 1. Plaintiffs filed a response opposing the motion on September 12, 2014. For the reasons set forth in this Order, we DENY Defendants' motion for a stay of the order pending appeal.

I. BACKGROUND

The district court's September 4, 2014 order granting a preliminary injunction provided as follows:

That the State of Ohio and the Secretary Husted are enjoined from enforcing and implementing SB 238's amendments to § 3509.01 of the Ohio Revised Code reducing the EIP [early in person] voting period from 35 days before an election to the period beginning the day following the close of voter registration;

That, for purposes of the 2014 general election, the EIP voting period shall consist of the 35 days prior to the election as was the case subsequent to SB 238's enactment;

That, for the 2014 general election, Defendant Secretary Husted shall require all Ohio county Boards of Election to set uniform and suitable EIP voting hours, in addition to those currently established by Directive 2014–17, for the following days:

• Tuesday, September 30, 2014 through Friday, October 3, 2014;

• Monday, October 6, 2014;

• Evening voting hours between Monday, October 20, 2014 and Friday, October, 24, 2014, and between Monday, October 27, 2014 and Friday, October 31, 2014. Provided, that in setting such hours, Husted must, in good faith, take into consideration the Court's findings and legal conclusions regarding the impact of a lack of evening voting hours on the protected classes of voters discussed in this Memorandum Opinion and Order; and

• Sunday, October 26, 2014; and

That Defendant Secretary Husted is enjoined from preventing individual county Boards of Election from adopting, by a majority vote of their members and in accordance with the procedures established by Ohio election law, EIP voting hours in addition to those specified above and in Directive 2014–17. Further, all issues regarding and pertaining to future elections are deferred and reserved for consideration on the motion for a permanent injunction. In the interim, the Ohio General [A]ssembly is charged with the responsibility of passing legislation consistent with this Memorandum Opinion and Order....

R. 72 (Dist. Ct. Order at 70–71) (Page ID # 5917–18) (footnote omitted). The district court denied the Defendants' motion for a stay of its order granting a preliminary injunction to Plaintiffs on the grounds that Defendants had failed to make a strong showing that they are likely to succeed on the merits and that they had not demonstrated irreparable injury absent a stay. R. 82 (Dist. Ct. Order Den. Stay at 3–5) (Page ID # 5991–93). The district court noted that Defendants had not argued that implementing the extra Sundays and evening hours of EIP voting was “beyond their capacity” and had not “demonstrated that the Boards cannot manage the additional costs incurred by Golden Week, as they were capable of doing prior to June of 2014.” Id. at 5 (Page ID # 5993). At the same time, the district court credited Plaintiffs' argument that, “[a]t this point, a stay would only increase the ‘flip-flopping’ of EIP voting schedule changes, resulting in greater public confusion.” Id.

Defendants have appealed the district court's order granting a preliminary injunction to Plaintiffs and have filed a motion with this court to expedite that appeal. Defs. Mot. to Expedite Appeal. We granted the Defendants' motion to expedite the appeal on September 11, 2014.

II. THE STANDARD

Under Supreme Court precedent, “ ‘[a] stay is not a matter of right,’ ” but is rather “ ‘an exercise of judicial discretion’ ” that requires examining “ ‘the circumstances of the particular case.’ ” Nken v. Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 433, 129 S.Ct. 1749, 173 L.Ed.2d 550 (2009) (quoting Virginian R. Co. v. United States, 272 U.S. 658, 672–73, 47 S.Ct. 222, 71 L.Ed. 463 (1926) ). “The party requesting a stay bears the burden of showing that the circumstances justify an exercise of that discretion.” Id. at 433–34, 129 S.Ct. 1749.

Four factors must be considered in deciding whether to issue a stay: “ ‘(1) whether the stay applicant has made a strong showing that he is likely to succeed on the merits; (2) whether the applicant will be irreparably injured absent a stay; (3) whether issuance of the stay will substantially injure the other parties interested in the proceeding; and (4) where the public interest lies.’ ” Nken, 556 U.S. at 434, 129 S.Ct. 1749 (quoting Hilton v. Braunskill, 481 U.S. 770, 776, 107 S.Ct. 2113, 95 L.Ed.2d 724 (1987) ). “[T]he first two factors ... are the most critical.” Id.

III. EVALUATION OF THE FOUR FACTORS

Regarding the first factor, Defendants do not address whether they are “likely to succeed on the merits” of their appeal in their Memorandum in Support of their Motion for a Stay. However, Defendants do address this factor in their Memorandum in Support of their Motion to Expedite Appeal. Defendants argue that the district court's decision is “based on an expansive theory.” Defs. Mot. to Expedite Appeal, Mem. in Supp. at 10. They identify two primary issues: (1) that the district court improperly applied a “retrogression” analysis used in Section 5 cases under the Voting Rights Act (“VRA”) to hold that Defendants had violated Section 2 of the VRA, and (2) that the district court ordered that “in the name of equal protection that ... some counties must be allowed to have non-equal hours greater than other counties.” Id. at 11–12. Defendants do not cite legal authority to substantiate these claims. In contrast, Plaintiffs have cited numerous Sixth Circuit cases to argue that the district court correctly held that they are likely to prevail on their Voting Rights Act and Equal Protection Clause claims. Pls. Mot. Opp'n Stay, Mem. in Supp. at 3–6.

As to the remaining factors, Defendants articulate three principal harms that they argue will result absent a stay. First, Defendants argue that failing to grant a stay will harm voters by increasing public confusion through “ever-changing election rules.” Defs. Mot. for Stay, Mem. in Supp. at 3. Without a stay, Defendants argue that they might have to officially change the rules for the 2014 elections twice, once to comply with the district court's injunction and potentially another time if the injunction is overturned on appeal. Id. “With a stay, there is at most only one change to the status quo (and possibly none).” Id. Defendants assert that preventing “harmful confusion” through “repeated changes to election rules right before an election” is a “common belief shared by Plaintiffs, the State, and the district court.” Id. at 2.

Second, Defendants assert generally that “[l]ate changes to election procedures also harm the ‘strong public interest in smooth and effective administration of the voting laws.’ ” Id. at 4 (citation omitted). In recognition of this harm, Defendants argue that this court has stayed injunctions against election laws granted close to elections “with some regularity in federal-election years.” Id. In their Memorandum in Support of their Motion to Expedite Appeal, Defendants also assert that “the changes county Boards will have to undergo to meet the Order's demands ... will require additional time and money.” Defs. Mot. to Expedite Appeal, Mem. in Supp. at 13.

Finally, Defendants argue that absent a stay, communications between the Secretary and Boards of Election (“Boards”) may be chilled, whereas “[a] stay keeps those channels of communication open.” Defs. Mot. for Stay, Mem. in Supp. at 5. Defendants point to their experience in the early-voting case from 2012, Obama for America v. Husted, 697 F.3d 423 (6th Cir.2012). When the Secretary of State issued a Directive to the Boards in an attempt to comply with the district court's preliminary injunction in that case, those communications “spawned collateral litigation about whether the Directive was faithful to the injunction even while the appeal of that injunction proceeded on a fast track.” Defs. Mot. for Stay, Mem. in Supp. at 5. These events, Defendants...