Opinion of the Justices

Decision Date28 January 1966
Parties, 59 Del. 196 . Supreme Court of Delaware
CourtUnited States State Supreme Court of Delaware
To His Excellency Charles L. Terry, Jr. Governor of Delaware

Reference is made to your letters of December 16, 1965 and January 5, 1966, addressed to the Chief Justice, requesting the opinions of the members of the Supreme Court as to the constitutionality of a law recently enacted by the General Assembly of Delaware, known as House Bill No. 373, as amended by House Amendment No. 2 (hereinafter 'the Act').

The Act provides:

'When provision is made by a school district or the State Board of Education for the transportation of pupils to and from the public schools, the school district or the State Board of education shall also make provision for the free transportation of pupils who regularly attend non-public Elementary and High Schools not operated for profit. Such transportation provided for pupils attending non-public Elementary and High Schools not operated for profit shall be over established public school bus routes. Such pupils shall be transported to and from the point or points on such routes nearest or most convenient to the school which such pupil attends.

'Section 2. This Act shall become effective on July 1, 1966.'

Your letter refers to Article 10, Section 3 of the Delaware Constitution, Del.C.Ann., which provides:

'Section 3. No portion of any fund now existing, or which may hereafter be appropriated, or raised by tax, for educational purposes, shall be appropriated to, or used by, or in aid of any sectarian, church or denominational school; provided, that all real or personal property used for school purposes, where the tuition is free, shall be exempt from taxation and assessment for public purposes.'

The question you present for opinion is:

'Is House Bill 373 with House Amendment 2 constitutional?'

We understand that the Act is now before you for approval and that your request for the opinions of the members of this Court is made under 29 Del.C. § 2102. 1

Because of the importance and difficulty of the question presented, we considered it advisable to have the assistance of counsel. After consultation with the President of the Delaware Bar Association, an experienced and able member of the Bar was assigned by the Court to each side of the question presented. We have had the benefit of their very helpful legal research and briefs, for which we express the Court's appreciation.

In considering the question, we have taken judicial notice of the fact that funds used for bus transportation of public school students heretofore have been part of appropriations made by the General Assembly to the State Board of Education for educational purposes. We have also made certain assumptions: that Delaware has no private elementary school or high school operated for profit; that, generally speaking, bus transportation is now being furnished for pupils of sectarian schools, where necessary, either at the expense of the parents or of the schools; and that free bus transportation of pupils of sectarian schools under the Act would require additional appropriation of State funds.

The Constitution of Delaware, by Article 10, Section 3, expressly prohibits the use of any funds, appropriated or raised by taxes for educational purposes, 'in aid of any sectarian, church or denominational school.' The ultimate question presented is whether free bus transportation of pupils of a sectarian, church or denominational school (hereinafter 'sectarian school') under the Act would be 'in aid of' the school, in violation of Article 10, Section 3.

This question has been heretofore considered by the Superior Court of this State in State ex rel. Traub et al. v. Brown et al., 6 W.W.Harr. 181, 172 A. 835 (1934). The Superior Court held that the Act there involved was violative of Article 10, Section 3, after concluding that to furnish free transportation to pupils attending sectarian schools is to aid the schools, because it 'helps build up, strengthen and make successful the schools as organizations.'

The Brown case has stood unreversed as the law of this State for more than three decades. After careful review of the question and of the legal authorities which have dealt with the question, both before and since the Brown case, we are of the opinion that the reasoning of that case was correct. Clearly, insofar as a school may be relieved of the expense of transporting its students, it is aided by free public transportation. And, whether or not a school bears the expense, transportation, where needed, is as essential to the operation of the school as any other element. It is illogical, we think, to say that the furnishing of transportation would not be an aid to the school while, concededly, the furnishing of other elements, such as teachers, books, school supplies and other facilities, would be of such aid.

This conclusion is in accord with what appears to be the majority rule as established in a line of cases in other jurisdictions, several of which cite the Brown case as a leading authority. The conclusion that free student transportation is unconstitutional, because it is an aid and benefit to sectarian schools, has been adopted by the highest Courts of New York [Judd v. Board of Education, 278 N.Y. 200, 15 N.E.2d 576, 118 A.L.R. 789 (1938)]; the State of Washington [Visser v. Nooksack Valley School District, 33 Wash.2d 699, 207 P.2d 198 (1949)]; Missouri [McVey v. Hawkins, 364 Mo. 44, 258 S.W.2d 927 (1953)]; Wisconsin [State ex rel. Van Straten v. Milquet, 180 Wis. 109, 192 N.W. 392 (1923)]; Alaska [Matthews v. Quinton, Alaska, 362 P.2d 932 (1961)]; and Oklahoma [Board of Education for Independent School Dist. No. 52 v. Antone, Okl., 384 P.2d 911 (1963)].

We have considered the cases expressing the view that free public transportation to a sectarian school aids the parents who are under the compulsion of law to send their children to school; that, in the exercise of the police power, it promotes the safety of the children; and that, therefore, it helps the parents and the children primarily, and the school only incidentally. This has become known as the 'childbenefit' theory. Such cases include Board of Education of Baltimore County v. Wheat, 174 Md. 314, 199 A. 628 (1938); Bowker v. Baker, 73 Cal.App.2d 653, 167 P.2d 256 (1946); Snyder v. Town of Newton, 147 Conn. 374, 161 A.2d 770 (1960); and Nichols v. Henry, 301 Ky. 434, 191 S.W.2d 930, 168 A.L.R. 1385 (1945).

In addition to the effectiveness of the Brown case, several other considerations militate against the persuasiveness of the last cited cases and the acceptance of the view therein stated: First, none of those cases, except Bowker, involved a constitutional limitation, similar to our Article...

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8 cases
  • State ex rel. Hughes v. Board of Ed. of Kanawha County
    • United States
    • West Virginia Supreme Court
    • April 14, 1970
    ... ... opinion. The answer alleges that the Kanawha County Catholic Area Board of Education operates within the county only one high school, Charleston Catholic ... See Matthews v. Quinton, 362 P.2d 932 (Alaska), appeal dismissed, 368 U.S. 517, 82 S.Ct. 530, 7 L.Ed.2d 522; Opinion of the Justices, 216 A.2d 668 (Del.); Silver Lake Consolidated School District v. Parker, 238 Iowa 984, 29 N.W.2d 214; Sherrard v. Jefferson [154 W.Va. 137] County ... ...
  • Board of Ed., School Dist. No. 142, Cook County v. Bakalis, s. 45189
    • United States
    • Illinois Supreme Court
    • June 25, 1973
    ...dissenting)); Delaware (State ex rel. Traub v. Brown (1934), 6 W.W.Harr. 181, 36 Del. 181, 172 A. 835, Opinion of the Justices (Del.1966), 216 A.2d 668); Hawaii (Spears v. Honda, 51 Hawaii 1, 449 P.2d 130); Idaho (Epeldi v. Engelking (1971), 94 Idaho 390, 488 P.2d 860 (2 judges dissenting))......
  • Epeldi v. Engelking
    • United States
    • Idaho Supreme Court
    • September 1, 1971
    ... ... The trial court rendered a memorandum opinion, findings of fact and conclusions of law, upholding the constitutionality of the statute in question, and entered judgment accordingly. This appeal ... 4 School transportation cases decided on a constitutional level which also support appellant are: Opinion of the Justices, 216 A.2d 668 (Del.1966), following State ex rel. Traub v. Brown, 6 W.W.Harr. 181, 172 A. 835 (Del.Superior Ct., 1934); State ex rel. Van Straten v ... ...
  • Janasiewicz v. Board of Educ. of Kanawha County
    • United States
    • West Virginia Supreme Court
    • December 16, 1982
    ... ... Schmidt, R.I., 405 A.2d 16 (1979). Contra, Matthews v. Quinton, Alaska, 362 P.2d 932 (1961); Opinion of the Justices, 9 Storey 196, 59 Del. 196, 216 A.2d 668 (1966); Spears v. Honda, 51 Haw. 1, 449 P.2d 130 (1968); Epeldi v. Engelking, 94 Idaho ... ...
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