Oregon State Bar v. Wright

Decision Date22 February 1990
Citation785 P.2d 340,309 Or. 37
PartiesOREGON STATE BAR, Plaintiff (below), v. Robert J. WRIGHT, Defendant (below). STATE of Oregon, ex rel OREGON STATE BAR, Respondent on Review, v. Robert J. WRIGHT, Petitioner on Review. 76-1522; CA A45141; SC S36242.
CourtOregon Supreme Court

Robert J. Wright, Noti, argued the cause and filed the petition for review pro se.

Terence J. Hammons, of Hammons, Mills & Spickerman, Eugene, argued the cause and filed a response brief for respondent on review.

Jas. Adams, Asst. Atty. Gen., Salem, argued the cause for amicus curiae Oregon Atty. Gen. With him on the brief were Dave Frohnmayer, Atty. Gen., and Virginia L. Linder, Sol. Gen., Salem.

Robert C. Homan, Eugene, argued the cause for amici curiae American Civil Liberties Union of Oregon, Inc. and Oregon Criminal Defense Lawyers Association. With him on the brief was William L. Tufts, Eugene.

LINDE, Justice.

The issue before us is the applicable period of limitation, if any, for initiating criminal contempt proceedings.

In 1978, plaintiff Oregon State Bar obtained from the Lane County Circuit Court an order enjoining defendant from the unauthorized practice of law in accordance with the mandate of this court in Oregon State Bar v. Wright, 280 Or. 693, 573 P.2d 283 (1977). On July 3, 1985, the Lane County Circuit Court issued an order to show cause why defendant should not be held in contempt for 30 violations of the injunction that the Bar alleged to have occurred between 1981 and 1985. On January 23, 1987, the court issued a supplemental order to show cause based on the Bar's allegations of 29 additional acts of unauthorized practice. Defendant maintained that his acts did not constitute the practice of law. The circuit court disagreed and found defendant guilty of 59 acts of contempt, sentencing him to a fine of $100 for each act and 30 days in jail for each of three acts.

On appeal, defendant contended, inter alia, that the applicable period of limitation for criminal contempt proceedings is the six month period specified for "violations" under the criminal code, former ORS 131.125(2)(c). The Bar maintained that violations of an injunction are not "violations" within the meaning of the criminal code, see ORS 161.565, 1 and that no other period of limitation for criminal contempts is provided by any statute other than the 10-year period for "any cause not otherwise provided for" found in ORS 12.140.

The Court of Appeals agreed with the Bar. It wrote: "There is no specific limitation associated with a contempt proceeding; consequently, the limitation in ORS 12.140 * * * applies." Oregon State Bar v. Wright, 96 Or.App. 375, 379, 772 P.2d 1366 (1989). We allowed review only on that issue.

We reverse the holding that criminal contempt proceedings may be initiated as long as ten years after the act alleged to constitute the contempt. Rather, we hold that enforcement of equitable restraining orders or injunctions is subject to the equitable limitation of laches, which ordinarily is guided by the most closely analogous statute of limitations.

In the Court of Appeals, plaintiff took the position that the action was subject to laches. So did the Attorney General and the American Civil Liberties Union and the Oregon Criminal Defense Lawyers Association in briefs amicus curiae. It seems to be agreed that laches applies to the enforcement of equitable orders as well as to obtaining such orders, unless a statute provides otherwise.

The Attorney General, citing State ex rel Oregon State Bar v. Lenske, 243 Or. 477, 405 P.2d 510, 407 P.2d 250 (1965), cert. den. 384 U.S. 943, 86 S.Ct. 1460, 16 L.Ed.2d 541, reh. den. 384 U.S. 1028, 86 S.Ct. 1920, 16 L.Ed.2d 1047 (1966), suggests that to limit the permitted time (or other aspects) of criminal contempt proceedings by legislation would contravene the separation of powers. 2 Lenske, which held that courts could not be "unreasonably" limited to a maximum contempt penalty of $100, often is cited for overly broad generalities. However, Lenske's narrower statement that legislative regulation may not go so far "that the court's power is substantially impaired or destroyed," 243 Or. at 494-95, 407 P.2d 250, is the established test for the constitutionality of such measures. State ex rel. Frohnmayer v. Oregon State Bar, 307 Or. 304, 309-11, 767 P.2d 893 (1989); State ex rel Emerald PUD v. Joseph, 292 Or. 357, 362, 640 P.2d 1011 (1982); Sadler v. Oregon State Bar, 275 Or. 279, 291-93, 550 P.2d 1218 (1976). The statement in Lenske that this rule follows "because the legislature cannot take away a power which it does not give," 243 Or at 493, 407 P.2d 250, was unnecessary to the decision and is erroneous; the fact that a court has power to act in some area of law without awaiting legislation does not mean that the legislature "invades" judicial power if it legislates in that area. 3 The question here is not a court's summary punishment of a contempt "committed in the immediate view and presence of the court," ORS 33.030. Rather, it concerns contempt consisting of the later disobedience of an injunction, authorized by ORS 9.166, which legislation may supersede altogether, as illustrated in the statutes ending labor injunctions. See Wallace v. International Ass'n, 155 Or. 652, 673, 63 P.2d 1090 (1937). The Attorney General's constitutional argument therefore is unfounded. The statute governing injunctions against unauthorized practice of law, ORS 9.166, might have specified time limits but did not. There is no constitutional obstacle to letting a statute of limitations serve as a presumptive guide to a court's analysis of laches in a contempt proceeding.

In the past, we have looked to statutes of limitations to define a presumptively reasonable period within which one is not guilty of laches in seeking equitable action. See, e.g., Mattson v. Commercial Credit Business Loans, 301 Or. 407, 420, 723 P.2d 996 (1986) (laches in conversion action analogized to statute of limitations for noncontractual injuries); Albino v. Albino, 279 Or. 537, 568 P.2d 1344 (1977) (laches in asserting constructive trust analogized to statute of limitations for implied contracts); see also, for an approximation of "reasonable time" apart from laches, Ellis v. Roberts, 302 Or. 6, 18-19, 725 P.2d 886 (1986). Cf. State ex rel Redden v. Van Hoomissen, 281 Or. 647, 576 P.2d 355, reh. den. 282 Or. 415, 579 P.2d 222 (1978) (application for writ of mandamus held untimely after statutory time for opposing party's right to appeal had expired). The public policy toward criminal prosecutions, set out in ORS 131.125, bases the length of the period within which to seek punishment for misconduct on the gravity of the offense as indicated by the maximum punishment provided for the offense. The maximum punishment for criminal contempts is a fine of $300 or imprisonment for six months, or both, if it appears that "the right of a remedy of a party to an action, suit or proceeding was defeated or prejudiced" by the contempt; otherwise, the maximum punishment is a $100 fine. ORS 33.020. Because a criminal offense with a maximum sentence of imprisonment for six months is a misdemeanor, see ORS 161.545, the relevant period of limitation for purposes of analogy is two years. 4

This rigid limitation does not apply directly to contempts but applies as a presumptively reasonable period for purposes of determining whether the criminal contempt proceeding is barred by laches. A defendant has the burden to show laches before the statutory period; a plaintiff has the burden to disprove laches after the statutory period. Wills v. Nehalem Coal Co., 52 Or. 70, 90, 96 P. 528 (1908). If applied in this case, the statutory two-year period would bar prosecution of any of the first set of...

To continue reading

Request your trial
7 cases
  • Diaz-Quirazco v. Barr
    • United States
    • U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit
    • 23 Julio 2019
    ...prosecution within the meaning of the constitution." (citation omitted)), disapproved of on other grounds by Or. State Bar v. Wright , 309 Or. 37, 785 P.2d 340 (1990) ; Bachman , 16 P.3d at 1189.1 Thus, under Oregon law, Diaz-Quirazco’s offense was not a crime, his proceeding was not a crim......
  • Hilterbrand v. Carter
    • United States
    • Oregon Court of Appeals
    • 11 Julio 2001
    ...of limitations in initiating this action, "plaintiff[s] ha[ve] the burden of explaining the prolonged delay." See Oregon State Bar v. Wright, 309 Or. 37, 42-43, 785 P.2d 340, cert. den. 498 U.S. 829, 111 S.Ct. 89, 112 L.Ed.2d 61 (1990). Defendants count from the wrong date. The 1983 deed ma......
  • Association of Unit Owners of Inn at Otter Crest v. Far West Federal Bank
    • United States
    • Oregon Court of Appeals
    • 12 Mayo 1993
    ...at law are relevant to "define a presumptively reasonable period within which one is not guilty of laches." Oregon State Bar v. Wright, 309 Or. 37, 42, 785 P.2d 340 (1990), cert. den. 498 U.S. 829, 111 S.Ct. 89, 112 L.Ed.2d 61 (1991). An action to determine an interest in land is brought wi......
  • Weller v. Weller
    • United States
    • Oregon Court of Appeals
    • 18 Agosto 1993
    ...laches before the statutory period; a plaintiff has the burden to disapprove laches after the statutory period." Oregon State Bar v. Wright, 309 Or. 37, 43, 785 P.2d 340, cert. den., 498 U.S. 829, 111 S.Ct. 89, 112 L.Ed.2d 61 (1990).4 Defendants also argue that the trial court should be aff......
  • Request a trial to view additional results
3 books & journal articles
  • Chapter §12.5 CORE POWERS OF THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
    • United States
    • Oregon Constitutional Law (OSBar) Chapter 12 Separation of Powers and the Oregon Constitution
    • Invalid date
    ...function or unduly burden the Judicial Department's ability to function in these areas. Oregon State Bar v. Wright, 309 Or 37, 41, 785 P2d 340 (1990) (legislature may take away ability of courts to find contempt in cases of disobedience regarding injunctions); In re Fadeley, 310 Or 548, 558......
  • Chapter § 12.5
    • United States
    • Oregon Constitutional Law (2022 ed.) (OSBar) Chapter 12 Separation of Powers
    • Invalid date
    ...attorney qualifications, and judicial discipline, as well as other judicial functions. Oregon State Bar v. Wright, 309 Or 37, 41, 785 P2d 340, cert den, 498 US 829 (1990) (the legislature may take away the ability of courts to find contempt in cases of disobedience regarding injunctions); F......
  • Chapter §12.3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SEPARATION OF POWERS
    • United States
    • Oregon Constitutional Law (OSBar) Chapter 12 Separation of Powers and the Oregon Constitution
    • Invalid date
    ...for the continuing viability of the undue-burden test under Article III, section 1); Oregon State Bar v. Wright, 309 Or 37, 41-42, 785 P2d 340 (1990) (holding that Article III, section 1 encompasses both inquiries). Cf. Frohnmayer, 307 Or at 309-11 (functions case); State Circuit Court, 295......

VLEX uses login cookies to provide you with a better browsing experience. If you click on 'Accept' or continue browsing this site we consider that you accept our cookie policy. ACCEPT