Oroh v. Holder

• Decision Date: 27 March 2009
• Docket Number: No. 07-2606.,07-2606.
• Citation: 561 F.3d 62
• Parties: Feki OROH, Petitioner, v. Eric H. HOLDER, Jr.<SMALL><SUP>*</SUP></SMALL> Attorney General, Respondent.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

561 F.3d 62

Feki OROH, Petitioner, v. Eric H. HOLDER, Jr.^* Attorney General, Respondent.

No. 07-2606.

United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.

Submitted December 2, 2008.

Decided March 27, 2009.

William A. Hahn and Hahn & Matkov for petitioner.

Gregory G. Katsas, Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, Cindy Ferrier, Senior Litigation Counsel and Michele Y.F. Sarko, Attorney, Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice for respondent.

Before BOUDIN, LIPEZ and HOWARD, Circuit Judges.

HOWARD, Circuit Judge.

Feki Oroh, an Indonesian national, entered the United States in September 1994, pursuant to a visa valid until March 1995. He remained in the United States beyond the expiration of his visa. In April 2003, the Department of Homeland Security ("DHS") issued Oroh a Notice to Appear. Oroh admitted his removability, and in March 2004 sought asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture ("CAT"). Following a hearing, an Immigration Judge ("IJ") denied Oroh's applications in September 2005. The Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA" or "the Board") affirmed the IJ and dismissed the appeal. This timely petition followed.¹ We deny the petition.²

I.

The substantive basis of Oroh's application is fear of religious persecution. Oroh is Christian, Indonesia's population and government is predominantly Muslim, and there has undeniably been violent sectarian conflict between the two groups. Before we address the question of whether this violence constitutes persecution such that Oroh is entitled to relief, we must resolve two procedural matters: 1)Oroh's claim that certain defects in the transcript of his hearing before the IJ violate BIA regulations, thus entitling him to remand; and 2)the government's two-pronged argument that the BIA correctly determined that Oroh's asylum application was untimely and that we lack jurisdiction to review that determination.

A. The transcript

Oroh first argues that he is entitled to relief because the 40-page transcript of his hearing before the IJ contains 137 uses of the term "indiscernible" in place of text. He bases this contention on 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(2), which provides that an alien is entitled to have an adequate record on which to base an appeal, and 8 C.F.R. § 1240.9, which provides that "hearings shall be recorded verbatim except for statements made off the record with the permission of the immigration judge." The BIA's failure to follow its own regulations, Oroh asserts, warrants reversal of the BIA and remand for a new hearing.

The BIA rejected Oroh's transcript-based claim because he failed to show that he was prejudiced. Specifically, the BIA found that Oroh failed to establish that any material testimony was not reflected in the transcript. And in reviewing the transcript, the Board was unable to identify any aspect of material testimony that had been omitted. On appeal, Oroh argues that no showing of prejudice is necessary because the regulatory violation alone is sufficient to trigger remand.

We are not strangers to the problem of incomplete transcripts in immigration cases. See, e.g., Kheireddine v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 80, 82 (1st Cir.2005) ("[T]he problem of missing portions of transcripts is a recurring one"); Munoz-Monsalve v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d 1, 9 (1st Cir.2008) (missing transcript of calendar conference); Teng v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 12, 17 (1st Cir.2008) (transcript contained a "modest number of `indiscernible' notations"). In addition, we understand that "[s]uch persistent problems put at risk the ability of the courts of appeals to provide meaningful and effective appellate review." Kheireddine, 427 F.3d at 85. Thus, we have held that "due process demands a `reasonably accurate, reasonably complete transcript,' or an adequate substitute, to allow for meaningful and adequate appellate review." Id. at 84 (quoting Ortiz-Salas v. INS, 992 F.2d 105, 106 (7th Cir.1993)).

At the same time, however, "a mere failure of transcription, by itself, does not rise to the level of a due process violation." Id. at 85. Instead, to succeed on a claim of inadequate transcription, Oroh must show "`specific prejudice to his ability to perfect an appeal' sufficient to rise to the level of a due process violation." Teng, 516 F.3d at 18 (quoting Kheireddine, 427 F.3d at 85). More specifically, he must "show at a bare minimum that the gaps relate to matters material to his case" and that they "materially affect his ability to obtain meaningful review." Munoz-Monsalve, 551 F.3d at 9. Finally, if the missing information "could reasonably be recreated by the complaining party, then its absence is not prejudicial." Id. (citing Kheireddine, 427 F.3d at 86).

Perhaps recognizing the weight of contrary authority, Oroh argues that he need not show prejudice because he is not claiming a due process violation. Oroh not only ignores the plain language of Teng, which requires due process-level prejudice to succeed on a claim of inadequate transcription, 516 F.3d at 18, but he supplies no authority for his implicit proposition that the alleged regulation violation alone—absent prejudice—entitles him to relief.³

Despite his reliance on an inapposite legal theory, Oroh brought to the BIA's attention several portions of the transcript from which he claimed important substantive testimony was lacking. Our review of the four referenced pages does not support Oroh's contention. In each case, the gist of the missing words can be inferred from their context. Most importantly, however, all of the missing information came during testimony from Oroh himself, or were comments by his attorney, who continues to represent him on appeal. As such, the "missing" information is readily available to Oroh, yet was never provided—by affidavit or otherwise—to the BIA or this court. "The law is pellucid that if a missing transcript reasonably could be recreated by the complaining party, its absence is not prejudicial." Munoz-Monsalve, 551 F.3d at 9 (citing Kheireddine, 427 F.3d at 86). In the absence of prejudice, Oroh's transcript-based claim is rejected.

B. Timeliness of the asylum application

An asylum application must ordinarily be filed "within one year after the date of the alien's arrival in the United States," 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B), or by April 1, 1998, whichever is later. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.4(a)(2)(ii). Late applications can be considered, however, if an applicant demonstrates "changed circumstances which materially affect the applicant's eligibility for asylum or extraordinary circumstances relating to the delay in filing," and if the applicant filed the application "within a reasonable period" given those circumstances. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D); 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.4(a)(4), (5); Rashad v. Mukasey, 554 F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir.2009). It is the applicant's burden to establish that the application is timely filed or that he qualifies for an exception. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.4(a)(2)(i).

Here, Oroh does not dispute that his application—filed in March 2004—was untimely, given his entry into the United States in 1994. He instead seeks the protection of the "changed circumstances" exception in 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D).⁴ The IJ found that Oroh failed to prove that he filed in a timely fashion after any change of conditions. In affirming the IJ, the BIA was "unable to identify any material changes that occurred in Indonesia within a reasonable period prior to the application."

Before we can reach the substance of Oroh's timeliness argument, he must clear the formidable hurdle created by 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3), which divests courts of jurisdiction to review determinations of timeliness or the applicability of exceptions to the one-year rule. See Hana v. Gonzales, 503 F.3d 39, 42 (1st Cir.2007). The only exception to this bright-line rule is contained in 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D), which carves out an exception allowing courts to review "constitutional claims or questions of law." Id. Oroh does not assert a constitutional argument on appeal. He claims, however, that the IJ and BIA made errors of law by not defining "reasonable time period," and not identifying the changed circumstances that implicitly occurred outside said period.

Given that Oroh bears the burden of proof on these issues, 8 C.F.R. § 1208.4(a)(2)(i), his assignation of error is unavailing. In essence, he is seeking to shift the burden to the IJ and BIA to disprove facts which Oroh never proved in the first place, i.e., how any changed conditions in Indonesia affected his ability to comply with the one-year deadline and the facts and circumstances that made his delay until 2004 "reasonable." In our view, he is saying nothing more than "`the agency got the facts wrong,' which is simply a factual claim masquerading as a legal challenge that certainly cannot defeat the jurisdiction-stripping provision of'" 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3). Rashad, 554 F.3d at 5 (citing Pan v. Gonzales, 489 F.3d 80, 85 (1st Cir.2007) ("To trigger our jurisdiction, the putative constitutional or legal challenge must be more than a disguised challenge to factual findings.")). Both the IJ and the BIA concluded that no exceptions applied to excuse Oroh's untimely asylum application. We are without jurisdiction to review that conclusion.

C. Withholding of removal

To qualify for withholding of removal, Oroh must show by a clear probability that he will be persecuted in Indonesia because of his "race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion." Ly, 524 F.3d at 132. See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b).⁵

Before entering the United States, Oroh lived with his wife and two children in Manado, Indonesia, a town near the northern end of the island of Sulawesi. As of the September 2005 hearing, his wife and daughter were still living in Manado. They visited Oroh in the United States in 1999, and returned to Indonesia five months later upon the death of...