Ortiz-Araniba v. Keisler

• Decision Date: 11 October 2007
• Docket Number: No. 06-2650.,06-2650.
• Citation: 505 F.3d 39
• Parties: Ana Lilia ORTIZ-ARANIBA, Petitioner, v. Peter D. KEISLER,<SMALL><SUP>*</SUP></SMALL> Acting Attorney General, Respondent.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

505 F.3d 39

Ana Lilia ORTIZ-ARANIBA, Petitioner, v. Peter D. KEISLER,^* Acting Attorney General, Respondent.

No. 06-2650.

United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.

Submitted June 8, 2007.

Decided October 11, 2007.

John P. Garan on brief for petitioner.

James E. Grimes, Senior Litigation Counsel, Office of Immigration Litigation, Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, and Linda S. Wernery, Assistant Director, Office of Immigration Litigation, on brief, for respondent.

Before TORRUELLA and LIPEZ, Circuit Judges, and FUSTÉ,^** District Judge.

LIPEZ, Circuit Judge.

The petitioner, Ana Lilia Ortiz-Araniba ("Ortiz"), a native and citizen of El Salvador, seeks review of a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA") affirming an Immigration Judge's ("IJ") denial of her application for asylum and withholding of removal. She claims that the BIA erred in finding that she was not a member of a well-defined social group for asylum eligibility purposes and in finding that the government of El Salvador was willing and able to control her potential persecutors. Because we find that the latter determination is supported by substantial evidence, we deny Ortiz's petition for review without addressing the social group issue.

I.

Ortiz entered the United States without permission on February 22, 2004. The Department of Homeland Security ("DHS") issued a Notice to Appear four days later. Through her counsel, Ortiz conceded removability and requested asylum, withholding of removal, and protection from removal under the Convention Against Torture ("CAT"). In her application for asylum, Ortiz stated that in October 2000, her house in El Salvador was robbed by a man neighbors identified as José Milton Hernandez, whom she believed to be a member of the Mara Salvatrucha gang. She reported the robbery to the police, and Hernandez was promptly arrested. Hernandez was later convicted and served four years in prison. According to her testimony at the merits hearing, Ortiz was approached several times over the next few years by two of Hernandez's acquaintances, who told her that Hernandez would harm her once he left prison in June 2004. Frightened and worried that the police would be unable to protect her, Ortiz fled to the United States, leaving her three-year-old son behind with her mother.

Following the hearing in May 2005, the IJ issued an oral decision denying all forms of relief. Ortiz filed a timely notice of appeal with the BIA, contesting the IJ's denial of asylum and withholding of removal. The BIA affirmed the IJ's decision and dismissed Ortiz's appeal. In its brief per curiam opinion, the BIA held that Ortiz was ineligible for asylum or withholding of removal because she had failed to demonstrate that she was a member of a well-defined social group for asylum eligibility purposes, and that the government of El Salvador is unable or unwilling to control her alleged persecutors.¹ Ortiz has petitioned this court for review of the BIA's decision, claiming that the BIA erred in finding her ineligible for relief.

II.

Ortiz asserts that the BIA erred in ruling that she was not eligible for asylum under section 208 of the Immigration and Nationality Act ("INA"), 8 U.S.C. § 1158. In order to qualify for asylum, a petitioner must demonstrate either past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of her race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i); Attia v. Gonzales, 477 F.3d 21, 23 (1st Cir.2007). The petitioner must also demonstrate that the persecution has some connection to governmental action or inaction. Orelien v. Gonzales, 467 F.3d 67, 72 (1st Cir.2006).

Ortiz argues that the BIA erred in concluding that she had not demonstrated that she is a member of a well-defined social group eligible for asylum. She contends that she is a member of a group composed of "victim[s] of gang-related crime who [have] provided crucial evidence against the perpetrator[s]." We need not address whether the BIA erred in determining that this group is "too broad to constitute a particular social group for asylum eligibility purposes" because Ortiz has to show that her reasonable fear of future persecution is connected to government action or inaction. That is, Ortiz's persecution claim requires her to demonstrate a reasonable fear of "mistreatment that is the `direct result of government action, government-supported action, or government's unwillingness or inability to control private conduct.'" Id. (quoting Nikijuluw v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 115, 121 (1st Cir. 2005)); see also Da Silva v. Ashcroft, 394 F.3d 1, 7 (1st Cir.2005) ("Action by nongovernmental actors can undergird a claim of persecution only if there is some showing that the alleged persecutors are in league with the government or are not controllable by the government."). The question whether the government of El Salvador is unwilling or unable to control Ortiz's potential persecutors is a question of fact that we review under the highly deferential substantial evidence standard. See Attia, 477 F.3d at 23. Under this standard, we must uphold the BIA's findings of fact "unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary." 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); Harutyunyan v. Gonzales, 421 F.3d 64, 68 (1st Cir.2005).

In determining whether a government is willing and able to control persecutors, we have explained that a prompt response by local authorities to prior incidents is "the most telling datum." Harutyunyan, 421 F.3d at 68. Where the police are willing to investigate incidents of violence and institute criminal proceedings against the perpetrators, we have held that the requisite connection between government inaction and fear of future persecution could not be shown. Id. Similarly, the Ninth Circuit has held that a government's ability to catch and punish assassins acting on behalf of an organization "shows that the government controls" that organization. Elnager v. INS, 930 F.2d 784, 788 (9th Cir.1991). Here, Ortiz's own testimony demonstrates that the local police promptly responded to her previous complaint and arrested Hernandez. More tellingly, perhaps, Hernandez was convicted and served four years in prison. The IJ and the BIA concluded from this evidence that the government was both willing and able to confront Ortiz's potential persecutor. We agree that this conclusion is supported by substantial evidence.

Seeking to convince us otherwise, Ortiz attempts to distinguish between the government's proven ability to prosecute Hernandez for his past crime and its ability to protect her from future retribution. Her argument that the government cannot prevent future attacks against her is based on the fact that the nearest police station is located some distance from her home and that, as she has no telephone, she would be required to use a neighbor's phone to call for aid. This argument misunderstands the law. "[A]n applicant seeking to...