Owens v. Sun Oil Company

• Decision Date: 02 August 1973
• Docket Number: No. 72-1650.,72-1650.
• Citation: Owens v. Sun Oil Company, 482 F.2d 564 (10th Cir. 1973)
• Parties: Ann OWENS, Administratrix of the Estate of Maynard S. Owens, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. SUN OIL COMPANY, a corporation, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

482 F.2d 564 (1973)

Ann OWENS, Administratrix of the Estate of Maynard S. Owens, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.SUN OIL COMPANY, a corporation, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 72-1650.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted March 30, 1973.

Decided August 2, 1973.

John R. Richards, Tulsa, Okl. (R. M. Dubbs, St. Davids, Pa., and John A. Ladner, Tulsa, Okl., with him on the brief), for defendant-appellant.

Jay C. Baker, of Baker & Baker, Tulsa, Okl., for plaintiff-appellee.

Before MURRAH, Circuit Judge, DURFEE,^* Judge, Court of Claims, and McWILLIAMS, Circuit Judge.

MURRAH, Circuit Judge.

This case centers around a dispute over the validity of a purported inter vivos gift of corporate stock.The appeal is from a judgment on a jury verdict sustaining the validity of the gift.The basic and stipulated facts are that, consistent with her custom of the past several years to make donations of stock to her family, Mrs. Hettie M. Young delivered a stock certificate for 4,237 shares of Sun Oil Company stock to her bank in Fort Smith, Arkansas, to be forwarded to transfer agents for reissuance in specified amounts to designated donees.In due course, and in accordance with her directions, a certificate representing 150 shares was reissued in the name of her nephew, Maynard S. Owens, and returned with the other reissued stock to Mrs. Young's bank for redelivery to her.The certificate arrived at her bank on August 4, 1970, the same day Maynard Owens was killed in a trucking accident.About ten days later she delivered the Owens certificate to her bank with instructions to cause it to be cancelled and the stock issued in her name.The certificate that had been issued in Maynard Owens' name was ultimately cancelled, and a new certificate issued to Mrs. Young on October 6, 1970.

As administratrix of her husband's estate Mrs. Owens pleaded that upon the registration and issuance of the stock certificate to Maynard Owenshe became the legal and equitable owner of the stock; that Sun Oil, acting through its authorized agent, transferred the stock certificate from his name to Mrs. Young's name without his consent, thereby wrongfully converting the stock; and that Sun Oil is therefore liable in damages for the stock's fair market value.

Sun Oil answered, denying that Mrs. Young ever made any effective or completed gift of the stock to Owens, or that Owens ever received delivery, had possession, or had any equitable or legal title to the stock, and therefore denied that any consent of Owens was needed for the transfer.

As an affirmative defense Sun Oil alleged that at all times it and its transfer agent acted upon the instructions of Hettie M. Young and that custody, possession, and control of the stock were at all times in Mrs. Young; and that the stock was never delivered to Maynard S. Owens.

Both parties moved for summary judgment.In its motion Sun Oil took the position that physical delivery of the stock certificate to Maynard Owens was a prerequisite to consummation of the gift.If this is so there was nothing to submit to the jury, and Sun Oil is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, for it is agreed that Owens never came into physical possession of the certificate.

Generally, there is a division of authority on the question whether physical or manual delivery is essential to the consummation of a gift, and the case law of course turns on the peculiar facts.See, e. g.,Annot., 23 A.L.R.2d 1171(1952).It has been widely recognized, however, that the transfer of stock on the books of the corporation, and the issuance of a certificate in the transferee's name, constitutes effective delivery.See, e. g.,Lawton v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 164 F.2d 380, 384(6th Cir.1947);Bardach v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 90 F.2d 323, 326(6th Cir.1937);Frey v. Wubbena, 26 Ill.2d 62, 185 N.E.2d 850(1962);Moore v. Van Tassell, 58 Wyo. 121, 126 P.2d 9(1942);andChicago Title & Trust Co. v. Ward, 332 Ill. 126, 163 N.E. 319(1928).It is agreed that Arkansas law controls the substantive issues in this case.And Arkansas has recognized and applied the rule that physical delivery of the certificate is not prerequisite to consummation of the gift.See, e. g.,Aycock v. Bottoms, 201 Ark. 104, 144 S.W.2d 43(1940), citingStewart v. Collins, 36 Wyo. 210, 254 P. 137(1927).See alsoJohnson v. Johnson, 115 Ark. 416, 171 S.W. 475(1914)."Indeed, it has been held quite frequently in many jurisdictions that the assignment of certificates of stock to a doneee by a holder is tantamount to delivery of the stock, although manual delivery may be wanting."Aycock, supraat 47 of 144 S.W.2d. Sun Oil was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law and the trial court properly submitted the case to the jury.

For purposes of trial the parties stipulated that the only issues of fact for the jury were (1) whether at the time of requesting or obtaining transfer of the stock certificate from herself to Maynard Owens on the books of Sun Oil Company, Mrs. Young intended to make a present gift, or a future gift at the time of Owens' next birthday, in which case it was of course ineffectual and (2) whether there was, in fact, an "actual delivery" of the stock to Mr. Owens.The jury was instructed without objection concerning the essential elements of a valid gift, to the effect that (1) the donor must be of sound mind, (2) must intend to pass the title immediately, (3) must actually deliver the property to the donee and surrender possession and control of the property, and (4) the donee must accept the gift.The jury was accordingly told, also without objection, that in order to find a valid gift, they must first find from a preponderance of the evidence that Mrs. Young not only intended to make a present gift, but actually delivered the property in question to Maynard Owens; that "actual delivery" does not necessarily mean physical delivery; that "it is enough that the donor has taken all steps necessary to surrender her own dominion and control over the securities and to place them absolutely and irrevocably under the exclusive dominion and control of the donee."

The jury was further instructed that a stock certificate is prima facie, but not conclusive, evidence of ownership in the person to whom issued; that the facts as to true ownership of the stock may be shown by the evidence; and that since the stock certificate was transferred to the name of Maynard S. Owens and appeared on the books of Sun Oil Company in the name of Maynard S. Owens, the burden was upon Sun Oil to prove its affirmative defense that the certificate was not Maynard Owens' property.In other words that Sun Oil had to prove, "by a preponderance of the evidence, that the gift to Maynard Owens was not valid."

Sun Oil specifically objected to that part of the instruction which told the jury that the stock certificate was prima facie evidence of ownership, on the grounds that the plaintiff, having alleged a valid gift, had the burden of establishing all of the elements thereof.But in its requested instructions and briefing Sun Oil readily concedes the correctness of the court's instructions on prima facie evidence.

Sun Oil also specifically objected to that part of the instruction on the burden of proof, on the ground that the burden was always on Mrs. Owens to prove her allegations of an inter vivos gift of the stock.Although some confusion has arisen over the use of the phrase "burden of proof"(see, e. g.,Kortz v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 144 F. 2d 676(10th Cir.1944), andIX Wigmore on Evidence§ 2485 (3d ed. 1940)), it is generally understood that while the burden of proof never shifts, the duty of going forward may shift with the ebb and flow of probative evidence.See, e. g.,Hill v. Smith, 260 U.S. 592, 43 S.Ct. 219, 67 L.Ed 419(1923);First Nat. Bank v. Ford, 30 Wyo. 110, 216 P. 691, 31 A.L.R. 1441(1923);andIX Wigmore on Evidence§ 2489 (3d ed. 1940).Also cf.Denning Warehouse Co. v. Widener, 172 F.2d 910(10th Cir.1949).The burden of proving the alleged ownership of the stock by a preponderance of the evidence was on Mrs. Owens and never shifted; the burden is always with the proponent of the issue.See, e. g.,First Nat. Bank v. Ford, supra;Pacific Portland Cement Co. v. Food Mach. & Chem. Corp., 178 F.2d 541, 547(9th Cir.1949);andIX Wigmore, supra§§ 2485 and 2489.But as we have seen the certificate was prima facie evidence of ownership, and such evidence is entirely sufficient to sustain the burden and take the case to the jury.The jury may, but is not required to, return a verdict in the plaintiff's favor.See, e. g.,IX Wigmore, supra§§ 2489 and 2494.Cf., e. g.,Beaver v. Fidelity Life Association, 313 F.2d 111(10th Cir.1963).

In our case Sun Oil not only denied the allegations of the complaint that upon the issuance of the certificate to Owens he became the legal owner of the stock, it also specifically alleged as an affirmative defense that the gift was never consummated because the stock was never delivered to Owens.In this posture, ". . . the burden of proof in the true sense of the term is upon the defendant as to all affirmative defenses which he sets up in answer to the plaintiff's claim or cause of action . . . .This rule does not involve a shifting of the burden of proof, but merely means that each party must establish his own case."SeeBaumgartner v. Rogers, 233 Ark. 387, 345 S.W.2d 476, 478(1961), quoting20 Am.Jur., Evidence§ 137.See alsoFirst Nat. Bank v. Ford, supra, andPacific Portland Cement Co. v. Food Mach. & Chem. Corp., supra.While the affirmative pleadings may have added little or nothing to the issues framed by the general denial, and the court might very well have disregarded the form for the substance of the parties' claims (see, e. g., 30YaleL.J. 117-122(1929)), at the same...