Pagesh v. Ucman

• Decision Date: 19 April 1991
• Docket Number: No. 1011,1011
• Citation: 403 Pa.Super. 549,589 A.2d 747
• Court: Pennsylvania Superior Court
• Parties: Christopher F. PAGESH, Appellant, v. Paul K. UCMAN, Jr., Appellee. Pittsburgh 1990.

Page 747

589 A.2d 747

403 Pa.Super. 549

Christopher F. PAGESH, Appellant, v. Paul K. UCMAN, Jr., Appellee.

No. 1011 Pittsburgh 1990.

Superior Court of Pennsylvania.

Argued Jan. 9, 1991.

Filed April 19, 1991.

P. Thomas Woodman, Pittsburgh, for appellant.

David R. Johnson, Pittsburgh, for appellee.

Before TAMILIA, POPOVICH and JOHNSON, JJ.

POPOVICH, Judge:

This is an appeal from a judgment entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County in favor of the defendant/appellee Paul Ucman, Jr. and against the plaintiff/appellant Christopher Pagesh. We affirm.

The instant litigation arises out of a water-skiing accident in which Pagesh was injured. The record supports the trial court's version of the basic facts, which are as follows:

The Plaintiff, Christopher F. Pagesh, injured one of his legs seriously when he was water skiing with three other young men including his brother David and the defendant, Paul K. Ucman, Jr., who was taking his turn at operating the small boat at the time of the accident. The other two defendants were not present and had nothing to do with the case except owning the boat. The plaintiff's leg got twisted somehow, which is said to be very unusual in water skiing which makes it all the more regrettable but it was transparent in the evidence that there was no legal fault on the part of the defendant.

The basic movement of water skiing which is simply to coast along in a straight line behind the boat becomes boring to active young people very quickly and therefore they seek more sporting variations of action. A standard variation--which most of us have observed from time to time--is to operate the boat in circles to make waves and then pull the skier through the waves. The challenge is to maintain your balance as you bounce up and down between the troughs and crests and in a sense it sometimes is a sort of contest between the operator of the boat and the skier.

These four young men had been taking turns doing this and it was the plaintiff's final turn of the day and, of course, he was doing exactly what he wanted to do. His protests to the contrary undoubtedly were as incredible to the jury as they were to the trial judge and the matter was sealed when a recorded statement of his brother David was produced, which was taken before the brother was aware of the financial consequence of telling the truth and which completely supported the defense. ¹

Trial court opinion, at 1-2. Following a jury trial, a verdict was reached in favor of the defendant Ucman. Post-trial motions were denied. This appeal followed.

Pagesh has raised four issues for our consideration:

1. Did the trial court err in allowing the jury to consider the defense of assumption of the risk in the trial of appellant's personal injury action?

2. Did the trial court err during jury instructions in commenting on the credibility and weight to be given by the jury to appellant's brother's testimony at appellant's personal injury action?

3. Did the trial court err in refusing to allow appellant's use of expert testimony at [the] trial of appellant's personal injury action?

4. Did the trial court err in refusing to charge the jury pursuant to appellant's suggested points for charge?

Appellant's brief, at 3.

At the onset, we note that issue number 2 is waived. The law is clear that any objections to the jury charge must be lodged at trial and on the record. See Commonwealth v. Pigg, 391 Pa.Super. 418, 571 A.2d 438 (1990). ² Our Rules of Appellate Procedure also provide for this requirement. Pa.R.A.P. 302 reads:

(a) General Rule. Issues not raised in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.

(b) Charge to Jury. A general exception to the charge to the jury will not preserve an issue for appeal. Specific exception shall be taken to the language or omission complained of.

The official comment to Rule 302 states, "[t]his rule sets forth a frequently overlooked requirement." See Dilliplaine v. Lehigh Valley Trust Co., 457 Pa. 255, 322 A.2d 114 (1974); Commonwealth v. Light, 458 Pa. 328, 326 A.2d 288 (1974). See also Broxie v. Household Finance Co., 472 Pa. 373, 372 A.2d 741 (1977) (party must specifically object to charge as given); Slater v. Pennsylvania Power Co., 383 Pa.Super. 509, 557 A.2d 368 (1989) (accord); Vernon v. Stash, 367 Pa.Super. 36, 48, 532 A.2d 441, 447 (1987) ("[o]bjections not appearing in the record may not be considered on appeal.").

We have reviewed the jury charge in its entirety. At the conclusion of the trial court's instructions, the trial judge asked counsel if there was "[a]nything you want to bring up before they go out?" N.T., September 13-15, 1898, Jury Charge, at 19. Trial counsel did not raise the merits of issue number 2, above. Accordingly, this issue is waived. ³ See also Pa.R.Civ.P. 227(b).

For the sake of convenience, we will now address Pagesh's fourth issue on appeal, to wit, that the trial court erred in failing to charge the jury in accordance with Pagesh's proposed points for charge. Although the trial court did not use language identical to Pagesh's, we are satisfied that the jury instructions were clear and proper.

The law is established in this area. Our scope and standard of review was set forth in Yost v. Union R. Co., 380 Pa.Super. 236, 551 A.2d 317 (1988):

The failure to give a requested point for charge, which is accurate and applicable, is reversible error if the appellant is prejudiced. Whether the jury should be instructed on a given point of law depends upon the facts and issues of the case. Ultimately, the trial judge is responsible for defining all pertinent questions of law, and all issues which are relevant to pleadings and proof may become the subject of jury instructions.

Id. at 244, 551 A.2d at 321 (citations omitted). Similarly, in Commonwealth v. Myers, 376 Pa.Super. 41, 545 A.2d 309 (1988), this Court stated:

In reviewing jury instructions to determine whether reversible error has been committed by a trial court, we consider the charge as a whole. Error will not be predicated on isolated excerpts. Rather, it is the general effect of the charge that controls.

Id. at 50, 545 A.2d at 314 (citations omitted). See also Sweitzer v. Dempster Systems, 372 Pa.Super. 449, 453, 539 A.2d 880, 882 (1988) (where the sufficiency of the jury charge is challenged, this Court must examine the instructions in their entirety against the background of the evidence); Bohner v. Stine, 316 Pa.Super. 426, 463 A.2d 438 (1983) (jury charge must be analyzed in context). See also Murphy v. Publicker Industries, Inc., 357 Pa.Super. 409, 516 A.2d 47 (1986).

A trial court maintains wide discretion in phrasing points for charge and may use its own words as long as the issues and questions to be resolved are clear. See Commonwealth v. Ohle, 503 Pa. 566, 582, 470 A.2d 61, 70 (1983); Commonwealth v. Jordan, 407 Pa. 575, 587, 181 A.2d 310, 316 (1962). Of course, these rules have been applied in the context of civil as well as criminal cases. See Reilly by Reilly v. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, 507 Pa. 204, 489 A.2d 1291 (1985). See also Stevenson v. General Motors Corp., 513 Pa. 411, 521 A.2d 413 (1987) (sets forth our scope of review in assessing a trial court's denial of a motion for a new trial).

With these standards in mind, we have reviewed the jury instructions and conclude that the trial court adequately covered the pertinent legal issues. The mere refusal of the trial court to use the exact language supplied by the parties is not necessarily a ground for reversal. Kopar v. Mamone, 419 Pa. 601, 215 A.2d 641 (1966); Fish v. Gosnell, 316 Pa.Super. 565, 463 A.2d 1042 (1983). We reject Pagesh's claim.

In conjunction with the above assertion, Pagesh's first claim of error is that the trial court wrongly allowed the jury to consider the defense of assumption of the risk. ⁴ Pagesh asserts the inapplicability of the defense, or more pointedly, the misapplicability of the doctrine to his case.

The majority of Pagesh's argument is more focused, however. He posits that the doctrine is confusing, especially in light of the enactment of the Comparative Negligence Statute, and that it should be abolished. While we are sympathetic to Pagesh's case, and to his frustration regarding this issue, the fact remains nevertheless that the assumption of the risk doctrine is still alive and well in Pennsylvania. See Malinder v. Jenkins Elevator & Machine Company, 371 Pa.Super. 414, 427, 538 A.2d 509, 516 (1988) (en banc). Thus, despite the valiant effort by Pagesh to have the doctrine declared null and void or at least subsumed by the Comparative Negligence Statute, we decline to take that step presently.

As the trial court recognized, this Court has recently discussed "assumption of the risk" in Malinder v. Jenkins Elevator & Machine Company, 371 Pa.Super. 414, 538 A.2d 509 (1988) (en banc) and Howell v. Clyde, 383 Pa.Super. 611, 557 A.2d 419 (1989) appeal granted 525 Pa. 612, 577 A.2d 544 (1990). ⁵ Contrary to Pagesh's assertion that he "could not have assumed the risk of an activity he did not know was going to occur," ⁶ we are persuaded by the appellee's argument that Pagesh sustained an injury that resulted from an ordinary risk associated with waterskiing. Although it is unfortunate that the accident happened, Pagesh, a skier since 1980, knew the dangers inherent in the activity. ⁷ He voluntarily chose to ski and willingly, as far as we can discern from the record certified to us, accepted the risks. As Ucman aptly suggested in his brief,

... Pagesh was well aware of any alleged danger, and he had several opportunities to avoid any aspect of the alleged danger. He could have signaled the defendant to slow down, stop or change the course of the boat. In addition, Pagesh could have dropped the rope being used to pull him. Pagesh elected voluntarily to continue skiing, and to attempt to stay upright despite any turbulence that...