Pardue v. Seven-Up Bottling Co. of Indiana, SEVEN-UP

• Citation: 407 N.E.2d 1154
• Decision Date: 22 July 1980
• Docket Number: SEVEN-UP,No. 1-280A37,1-280A37
• Parties: Betty PARDUE and Stanley Joe Pardue, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v.BOTTLING CO. OF INDIANA, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: Court of Appeals of Indiana

Page 1154

407 N.E.2d 1154

Betty PARDUE and Stanley Joe Pardue, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. SEVEN-UP BOTTLING CO. OF INDIANA, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 1-280A37.

Court of Appeals of Indiana, First District.

July 22, 1980.

David S. McCrea, McCrea & McCrea, Bloomington, for plaintiffs-appellants.

William H. Kelley, William K. Steger, Bunger, Harrell & Robertson, Bloomington, for defendant-appellee.

NEAL, Judge.

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Plaintiffs-appellants Betty Pardue and Stanley Joe Pardue appeal a judgment of the Monroe Superior Court entered on a jury finding adverse to the Pardues in their actions for damages for personal injuries against defendant-appellee Seven-Up Bottling Company of Indiana, Inc. The Pardues sought recovery under two theories, strict products liability and negligence.

ISSUE

The Pardues raise one issue for review: whether the trial court erred in instructing the jury on the issue of contributory negligence. They contend there was "not a scintilla of evidence or any inference from the evidence which would suggest an instruction on contributory negligence." We agree but we affirm.

STATEMENT OF THE FACTS

While shopping at a Bloomington supermarket, Betty Pardue lifted a carton of Seven-Up bottles by the carton's handle from her grocery cart to place the carton on the checkout counter. One bottle fell through the carton, bounced off the counter, hit the floor, and exploded. A piece of the bottle almost completely severed the Achilles tendon of Betty's right ankle necessitating surgery and a lengthy period of recuperation and curtailment of normal activities.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

Although the Pardues argue to us their objection to three instructions, the record shows only two of the three were actually given, both defining the concept of contributory negligence and assigning the burden of proof on that issue. The record shows the Pardues made at trial the same objection they argue to us and that the trial court noted their continuing objection to all references to contributory negligence in the final instructions.

Although the Pardues failed to set out their verbatim trial objection to the instructions in the argument section of their appellant's brief as required by Ind. Rules of Procedure, Appellate Rule 8.3(A)(7), we address the merits under the authority of Dahlberg v. Ogle, (1977) 266 Ind. 524, 364 N.E.2d 1174. The challenged instructions are set out verbatim, accompanied by record page number citations, in the "Statement of Facts Relevant to Review" and again in the "Argument", and the argument section commences with a statement of the issue, such statement being in fact a paraphrase of the error as assigned in the motion to correct errors. As the Supreme Court said, in 364 N.E.2d at 1175:

"This brief substantially complies with our rules and is of sufficient cogency that it can be responded to by appellees without undue hardship or extraordinary expense . . . ."

The Pardues contend that the evidence is uncontradicted as to Betty's care in the handling of the soft drink carton; therefore, the giving of contributory negligence instructions was reversible error. Seven-Up counters with what it characterizes as "sufficient facts and inferences to support that the trial court properly discharged its duty in giving the contributory negligence instructions." In toto, this appears to be the testimony of Betty that she was aware of the composition, makeup, and configuration of paperboard cartons and was aware that such materials could tear. She testified:

"Q. And this would be the same type of carton that you would have been using for several years prior to the accident, isn't that right?

A. Yes.

Q. Now you're of course aware that it's made of what I call cardboard, but what's been referred to as paperboard, are you not?

A. Yes.

Q. And you're aware and were aware in July of 1977 that cardboard and paperboard will tear, weren't you?

A. Yes.

Q. You, of course, were also aware and are aware today that eight 16-ounce bottles are quite heavy when you have them in any kind of container, aren't you?

A. Yes."

As defined to the jury, contributory negligence is the failure of a plaintiff to use reasonable care to avoid injury to herself, which failure is a proximate cause of the injuries for which she seeks to recover. We cannot see how the act of Betty in picking up the carton by its handle and moving it upward and toward the counter can be construed to involve a failure on her part to use reasonable care to avoid personal injury, nor can we see how an awareness that filled soft drink bottles are heavy and that paperboard cartons are capable of tearing can transform her action into such a failure. Seven-Up had a duty to package its product in a container which would measure up to the task assigned it by Seven-Up, and Betty had every right to rely on the fulfillment of that duty when she picked up the carton by the handle designed for that very purpose.

"In Pennsylvania Ice & Coal Co. v. Elischer, (1939) 106 Ind.App. 613, 21 N.E.2d 436, the Appellate Court defined the standard of review when an instruction is attacked on appeal as being outside of the issues and evidence:

'(I)nstructions should be relevant to the issues in each particular case and applicable to the facts and circumstances therein. If there were any facts or circumstances in the case, although quite meager, to which the instructions might, upon any view, be pertinent, provided they were correct in the statement of the law, it would not be error for the court to give them, although they were so given to the jury over the objection of the complaining party. Furthermore, it is not every instance where the trial court has given an instruction not applicable to the evidence which will constitute reversible error, but it must be made further to appear that the giving of such instruction tended to injure or harm the complaining party in his substantial rights. . . . In determining whether or not an instruction is applicable to the evidence, it is necessary to consider the evidence in its entirety, together with all reasonable inferences which might be drawn therefrom . . . .' 106 Ind.App. at 621, 21 N.E.2d at 439.

See also Schlarb v. Henderson, (1936) 211 Ind. 1, 4 N.E.2d 205.

It is error for a trial court to give an instruction which is not pertinent to the issues and applicable to the evidence. Baker v. Mason (1968), 253 Ind. 348, 242 N.E.2d 513. And, where it is claimed that an instruction was given upon which there is no evidence, the point of inquiry in determining whether the erroneous instruction was prejudicial is whether the jury was misled. Rondinelli v. Bowden, (1973) 155 Ind.App. 582, 293 N.E.2d 812."

Hartman v. Memorial Hospital of South Bend, (1978) Ind.App., 380 N.E.2d 583, 585.

Seven-Up has demonstrated no facts or circumstances in this case to which contributory negligence instructions would be pertinent; thus, their giving was error. We must assume that the erroneous giving of an instruction on contributory negligence unsupported by any evidence is prejudicial and cause for reversal unless it appears from the record that the error was harmless, Gergely v. Moore, (1954) 125 Ind.App. 263, 120 N.E.2d 637 and 122 N.E.2d 142, in that the jury was not misled. Hartman, supra.

In ruling on this allegation of error in the Pardues' motion to correct errors, the trial court said, in part:

"Assuming arguendo . . ., that there was not a scintilla of evidence of Betty Pardue's contributory negligence, then the instructions given by the Court concerning contributory negligence were harmless error since there was no evidence from which the jury could infer contributory negligence."

This erroneous reasoning would lead to the conclusion that any number of unrelated, irrelevant instructions could be given to the jury without causing harm because the jury would recognize their irrelevance and ignore them. This overlooks the fact that the jury was told that, by the final instructions, the trial court was advising the jury:

"on all matters of law which are appropriate for the Jury to consider in arriving at their verdict. These instructions are given pursuant to that law.

In deciding this case you must determine the facts from a consideration of all the evidence in light of the law as contained in these instructions. All the law in the case is not embodied in any single instruction. Therefore, you must consider these instructions as a whole and construe them in harmony with each other."

The jury was told that all the instructions it received were appropriate to the case and that all the instructions were to be considered. It is our task to decide whether, after considering all the instructions, the jury was misled by the erroneous instructions on contributory negligence.

In order to determine whether the jury was misled, we must decide from an examination of the evidence and the record whether the verdict under proper instructions could have been different. Neese v. Boatright, (1954) 124 Ind.App. 680, 118 N.E.2d 510; Clark v. Rohr, Administratrix, (1953) 123 Ind.App. 209, 109 N.E.2d 727; Public Service Company of Indiana, Inc. v. DeArk, Administratrix, (1950) 120 Ind.App. 353, 92 N.E.2d 723. If the verdict could not have been different, the Pardues were not prejudiced and we must affirm.

Gergely, supra, stands for the proposition that if there is any evidence in the record of negligence on the part of the defendant, an instruction on contributory negligence which is not supported by the evidence is reversible error. Under the authority of Gergely, supra, we have searched the record and now find that the error in the giving of the contributory negligence instructions was harmless because, regardless of those instructions, no judgment for the Pardues on their negligence theory could stand because of a total absence of any showing of negligence on the part of Seven-Up.

In their complaint, the Pardues alleged that...