Payne v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co.

• Decision Date: 31 August 1984
• Citation: 456 So.2d 34
• Parties: Charlotte PAYNE v. NATIONWIDE MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY. 83-109.
• Court: Alabama Supreme Court

Page 34

456 So.2d 34

Charlotte PAYNE v. NATIONWIDE MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY.

83-109.

Supreme Court of Alabama.

Aug. 31, 1984.

Julian L. McPhillips, Jr. of McPhillips & DeBardelaben, Montgomery, William J. Baxley and Charles Dauphin of Baxley, Beck, Dillard & Dauphin, Birmingham, for appellant.

Jack Livingston of Livingston, Porter & Paulk, Scottsboro, for appellee.

BEATTY, Justice.

The plaintiff appeals from a summary judgment for the defendant. We affirm.

Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company (Nationwide) insured an office building against fire for Charlotte Payne, who operated a real estate office in that building. A fire destroyed the building. An investigation by police, fire, and insurance authorities led all to believe that arson was the cause of the fire.

Ms. Payne filed a proof of loss, and, shortly thereafter, Nationwide commenced an examination of her under oath. Later, Nationwide initiated a declaratory judgment action against Ms. Payne to determine whether it was obligated to her under the policy of insurance. A short time later, Ms. Payne instituted a separate action against Nationwide and its agent, Larry Kirkland. As amended, her complaint claimed damages against Nationwide and Kirkland for a misrepresentation that her insurance would cover loss of income; for breach of contract for failure to pay her claim; for suppression by Kirkland of the alleged fact that Nationwide would obstruct and delay payment if a claim for fire loss were made; for bad faith refusal to pay her claim; and for intentional infliction of emotional distress. These cases were consolidated by the trial court. Later, in response to a defense motion, the trial court severed the declaratory judgment case and plaintiff's breach of contract count from the other issues.

A jury trial proceeded on the consolidated breach of contract and declaratory judgment issues, with Nationwide's defenses being arson and misrepresentation. Ms. Payne's motion for a directed verdict on the contract count was overruled. The trial resulted in a jury verdict in favor of Ms. Payne for $30,000 and interest. That judgment and the costs have been paid by Nationwide.

After the trial, Nationwide and Kirkland moved for summary judgment in Ms. Payne's action against them. Payne dismissed Kirkland and dismissed all counts except her count on bad faith refusal to pay. In its consideration of the summary judgment motion, the trial court had before it all the depositions, sixteen in number, taken in both cases; Ms. Payne's examination under oath; and the record of the trial in the declaratory judgment action. After considering this material, the trial court entered summary judgment in favor of Nationwide on the bad faith refusal to pay claim.

The question, then, is whether the trial court erred in granting that summary judgment.

It is a familiar principle of law that in order for summary judgment to be proper, the pleadings and other materials submitted in support must show that there is no genuine issue on any material fact, and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. In other words, the moving party must show that the other party could not recover under any discernible set of circumstances, with all reasonable inferences to be considered in a light most favorable to the non-moving party. Bon Secour Fisheries, Inc. v. Barrentine, 408 So.2d 490 (Ala.1981).

Could Ms. Payne, under any discernible set of circumstances, recover in her action for bad faith refusal to pay?

Under Chavers v. National Security Fire & Casualty Co., 405 So.2d 1, 7 (Ala.1981):

"[A]n actionable tort arises for an insurer's intentional refusal to settle a direct claim where there is either '(1) no lawful basis for the refusal coupled with actual knowledge of that fact or (2) intentional failure to determine whether or not there was any lawful basis for such refusal.' "

These general principles were further explained in National Security Fire & Casualty Co. v. Bowen, 417 So.2d 179, 183 (Ala.1982):

"No lawful basis 'means that the insurer lacks a legitimate or arguable reason for failing to pay the claim.' Gulf Atlantic Life Ins. Co. v. Barnes, Ala., 405 So.2d 916 (1981). When a claim is 'fairly debatable,' the insurer is entitled to debate it, whether the debate concerns a matter of fact or law. Ibid.

"Under those circumstances the plaintiff in a 'bad faith refusal' case has the burden of proving:

"(a) an insurance contract between the parties and a breach thereof by the defendant;

"(b) an intentional refusal to pay the insured's claim;

"(c) the absence of any reasonably legitimate or arguable reason for that refusal (the absence of a debatable reason);

"(d) the insurer's actual knowledge of the absence of any legitimate or arguable reason;

"(e) if the intentional failure to determine the existence of a lawful basis is relied upon, the plaintiff must prove the insurer's intentional failure to determine whether there is a legitimate or arguable reason to refuse to pay the claim.

"In short, plaintiff must go beyond a mere showing of nonpayment and prove a bad faith nonpayment, a nonpayment without any reasonable ground for dispute. Or, stated differently, the plaintiff must show that the insurance company had no legal or factual defense to the insurance claim. [Emphasis in original.]

"The 'debatable reason' under (c) above means an arguable reason, one that is open to dispute or question. Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1931) at 116. See Chavers at 10; see also Embry, J., concurring on rehearing in Aspinwall v. Gowens, Ala., 405 So.2d 134 (1981)."

This was further amplified in National Savings Life Ins. Co. v. Dutton, 419 So.2d 1357, 1362 (Ala.1982):

"In the normal case in order for a plaintiff to make out a prima facie case of bad faith refusal to pay an insurance claim, the proof offered must show that the plaintiff is entitled to a directed verdict on the contract claim, and thus, entitled to recover on the contract claim as a matter of...