Payne v. Robinson

• Decision Date: 24 May 1988
• Docket Number: No. 13177,13177
• Citation: 207 Conn. 565,541 A.2d 504
• Parties: Frederick PAYNE v. Carl ROBINSON, Warden.
• Court: Connecticut Supreme Court

Page 504

541 A.2d 504

207 Conn. 565

Frederick PAYNE v. Carl ROBINSON, Warden.

No. 13177.

Supreme Court of Connecticut.

Argued April 6, 1988.

Decided May 24, 1988.

John F. Kavanewsky, Jr., Norwalk, with whom, on the brief, was James V. Guarino, Middletown, for appellant (petitioner).

Leah Hawley, Deputy Asst. State's Atty., with whom, on the brief, were Robert O'Brien and James G. Clark, Asst. State's Attys., for appellee (respondent).

Before PETERS, C.J., and ARTHUR H. HEALEY, CALLAHAN, GLASS and COVELLO, JJ.

PETERS, Chief Justice.

We granted certification of the petitioner's appeal from the Appellate Court to consider the following issue: Under what circumstances, if any, does the exclusionary rule of the fourth amendment apply to probation revocation hearings? The petitioner, Frederick Payne, sought a writ of habeas corpus, alleging that the revocation of his probation violated due process. After the trial court's denial of his petition, the petitioner appealed to the Appellate Court, which upheld the trial court's decision. Payne v. Robinson, 10 Conn.App. 395, 523 A.2d 917 (1987).

The record discloses the following facts: On January 27, 1982, the petitioner was on probation. Early that morning, police officer Joseph Greene received information from a complainant that the petitioner had threatened him with a gun. Shortly thereafter, Greene stopped the petitioner in his automobile. After requesting that the petitioner get out of the car and frisking him, Greene conducted a search of the car and found a small loaded revolver under the driver's seat. The police subsequently arrested the petitioner on charges of threatening in violation of General Statutes § 53a-62, and carrying a dangerous weapon in a motor vehicle in violation of General Statutes § 29-38.

While these charges were pending, the state charged the petitioner with violating the conditions of his probation pursuant to General Statutes § 53a-32. During the subsequent probation revocation hearing, the petitioner did not question, either by a motion to suppress or by an objection, the admission of the gun into evidence. The trial court, McKeever, J., found that the petitioner had been arrested while having in his possession a loaded revolver for which he did not have a permit. The petitioner had thereby violated that condition of his probation that required him to obey the laws of the state. The trial court consequently granted the state's request to revoke the petitioner's probation.

The petitioner thereafter sought a writ of habeas corpus challenging the trial court's revocation of his probation on several grounds, including its failure to suppress the gun. The habeas court, Corrigan, J., denied the petition, holding that even if the petitioner had made a timely suppression motion at the revocation hearing, the warrantless search of the car had been reasonable under the circumstances, because the police had had probable cause to believe that the car contained evidence pertaining to a crime. See State v. Reddick, 189 Conn. 461, 467, 456 A.2d 1191 (1983). On appeal, the Appellate Court affirmed the judgment of the trial court on a different ground, concluding that the exclusionary rule of the fourth amendment did not apply to the probation revocation proceedings at issue. Payne v. Robinson, supra, 10 Conn.App. at 400, 523 A.2d 917. We granted certification to consider the issue of the applicability of the exclusionary rule to probation revocation proceedings. We now affirm the judgment of the Appellate Court.

I

Prior to turning to the merits, we must determine whether the petitioner's claim is properly before us. Two circumstances potentially impede our review: the petitioner's failure directly to appeal the revocation of his probation; see State v. Roberson, 165 Conn. 73, 81-82, 327 A.2d 556 (1973); and his failure timely to move for suppression of the gun or to object to its admission.

We have often reiterated that habeas corpus may not be used as an alternative to a direct appeal. See, e.g., Galland v. Bronson, 204 Conn. 330, 333, 527 A.2d 1192 (1987); Cajigas v. Warden, 179 Conn. 78, 81, 425 A.2d 571 (1979). In order to obtain review of a constitutional claim in a collateral proceeding, therefore, a petitioner must first allege and prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he did not deliberately bypass the orderly process of direct appeal. Galland v. Bronson, supra. Here the petitioner alleged that he had not deliberately bypassed a direct appeal. During the hearing, he testified that his attorney had informed him that he would file an appeal but that none was ever filed. In its memorandum of decision the trial court simply stated that "[t]he respondent does not contest that the record before this court does not show a deliberate bypass." On this basis, we conclude that the petitioner sustained his burden of proving that he did not deliberately bypass a direct appeal. ¹

We turn next to the petitioner's failure at the revocation proceeding either to move to suppress the gun or to object to its admission. ² On direct appeal, we will review claims that were not properly preserved at trial when they facially implicate fundamental constitutional rights and are adequately supported by the record. State v. Evans, 165 Conn. 61, 70, 327 A.2d 576 (1973). We perceive no reason why the same rule should not apply to constitutional claims raised for the first time in a collateral proceeding so long as they are not barred by the petitioner's deliberate bypass of a direct appeal. Cf. State v. Barrett, 205 Conn. 437, 443-44, 534 A.2d 219 (1987). In the case at hand, the petitioner's claim implicates his right to be free from unreasonable searches, guaranteed by the fourth and fourteenth amendments to the United States constitution. In addition, the record is adequate to support review of his claim. See State v. Williams, 205 Conn. 456, 460, 534 A.2d 230 (1987); State v. McIver, 201 Conn. 559, 563, 518 A.2d 1368 (1986). Accordingly, we turn to the merits.

II

Whether the exclusionary rule of the fourth amendment to the United States constitution ³ applies to probation revocation hearings requires us to explore the rule's underlying purpose. In United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 347, 94 S.Ct. 613, 619-20, 38 L.Ed.2d 561 (1974), the United States Supreme Court observed: "The purpose of the exclusionary rule is not to redress the injury to the privacy of the search victim.... Instead, the rule's prime purpose is to deter future unlawful police conduct and thereby effectuate the guarantee of the Fourth Amendment against unreasonable searches and seizures...." Application of the rule is thus appropriate in circumstances in which this purpose is likely to be furthered. Id., at 348, 94 S.Ct. at 620. Under this approach, we "must weigh the potential injury" to the probation revocation process from the exclusion of relevant evidence "against the potential benefits of the rule as applied in this context." Id., at 349, 94 S.Ct. at 620; see also United States v. Janis, 428 U.S. 433, 447, 96 S.Ct. 3021, 3028, 49 L.Ed.2d 1046 (1976).

The purpose of probation revocation proceedings is to determine whether a probationer is complying with the conditions of his probation. United States v. Winsett, 518 F.2d 51, 55 (9th Cir.1975); see also Griffin v. Wisconsin, --- U.S. ----, 107 S.Ct. 3164, 3168, 97 L.Ed.2d 709 (1987). In such proceedings, the government has an interest in accurate fact-finding that is likely to be impaired when otherwise reliable and relevant evidence is excluded from the proceeding. United States v. Winsett, supra. Against this interest, we must balance the deterrent effect that may result from applying the exclusionary rule to probation hearings under the facts of this case.

We conclude that application of the rule would at best achieve only a marginal deterrent effect. Illegally obtained evidence is inadmissible in a criminal trial. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081, reh. denied, 368 U.S. 871, 82 S.Ct. 23, 7 L.Ed.2d 72 (1961). Where, as here, there is no evidence that the police officer was aware that the suspect is on probation, ⁴ further exclusion of such evidence in a probation revocation hearing would not appreciably enhance the deterrent effect already created by the inadmissibility of the evidence at trial. Since the use of evidence in a probation revocation hearing "falls outside the offending officer's zone of primary interest"; United States v. Janis, supra, 428 U.S. at 458, 96 S.Ct. at 3034; exclusion of such evidence will not significantly affect a police officer's motivation in conducting a search. Accordingly, we agree with the Appellate Court's view that the balance of interests does not favor the application of the exclusionary rule to a probation hearing in these circumstances. Accord United States v. Bazzano, 712 F.2d 826, 832-33 (3d Cir.1983), cert. denied sub nom. Mollica v. United States, 465 U.S. 1078, 104 S.Ct. 1439, 79 L.Ed.2d 760 (1984); United States v. Vandemark, 522 F.2d 1019, 1020 (9th Cir.1975); United States v. Winsett, supra, at 54; United States v. Hill, 447 F.2d 817, 818 (7th Cir.1971); United States ex rel. Sperling v. Fitzpatrick, 426 F.2d 1161, 1164 (2d Cir.1970); Ex parte Caffie, 516 So.2d 831, 835-36 (Ala.1987); State v. Sears, 553 P.2d 907, 913 (Alaska 1976); State v. Alfaro, 127 Ariz. 578, 579-80, 623 P.2d 8 (1980) (en banc); People v. Ressin, 620 P.2d 717, 720 (Colo.1980); Thompson v. United States, 444 A.2d 972, 974 (D.C.App.1982); People v. Dowery, 62 Ill.2d 200, 204-206, 340 N.E.2d 529 (1975); Kain v. State, 378 N.W.2d 900, 901-902 (Iowa 1985); State v. Davis, 375 So.2d 69, 74-75 (La.1979); State v. Caron, 334 A.2d 495, 499 (Me.1975); State v. Thorsness, 165 Mont. 321, 326-27, 528 P.2d 692 (1974); Stone v. Shea, 113 N.H. 174, 176-77, 304 A.2d 647 (1973); State v. Lombardo, 306 N.C. 594, 600, 295 S.E.2d 399 (1982); State v. Nettles, 287 Or. 131, 139, 597...