Pennington v. Commissioner
| Decision Date | 20 August 1990 |
| Docket Number | Docket No. 30830-86. |
| Citation | 60 T.C.M. 559 |
| Parties | Bertha M. Pennington v. Commissioner. |
| Court | U.S. Tax Court |
D. Derrell Davis, 11701 InterState 30, Little Rock, Ark., for the petitioner. Paul M. Kohlhoff, for the respondent.
Memorandum Findings of Fact and Opinion
Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioner's Federal income taxes as follows:
Year Deficiency
1980 ........................ $ 2,705.00
1981 ........................ 50,022.75
1982 ........................ 3,871.00
After various concessions by respondent, the issue for decision is whether, for capital gains tax purposes, petitioner received property (under a property settlement agreement with her former husband) as part of a nontaxable division of marital property or as part of a taxable sale of petitioner's interests in the property. The briefs of the parties focus primarily on the legal aspects of this question.
At the time her petition in this case was filed, petitioner resided in Ola, Arkansas. Petitioner was married to James G. Pennington from August 30, 1941 until October 12, 1976, when they were granted a divorce by the Chancery Court of Yell County, Arkansas ("Chancery Court").
During the marriage, petitioner and Mr. Pennington individually and jointly accumulated substantial assets, among which were Mr. Pennington's medical practice and the building out of which it operated, corporate stocks, an Arkansas real estate sales corporation named Pennington Real Estate, Inc. ("Pennington Real Estate"), two residences, a farm, and approximately 34 other parcels of real estate. Some of these assets (such as the building out of which the medical practice operated, the marital residence, and some of the other parcels of real estate) petitioner and Mr. Pennington owned jointly as tenants by the entirety. Other assets were held in Mr. Pennington's name only, such as the stock of Pennington Real Estate. Unfortunately, neither the nature of the ownership interests of petitioner and Mr. Pennington in many of the assets nor the name(s) under which title to many of the assets was held is completely clear.
For several years following the divorce, petitioner and her attorney negotiated with Mr. Pennington over a property settlement agreement. Finally, after approximately four years, a property settlement agreement was signed. On March 11, 1980, the Chancery Court issued an order approving the agreement between petitioner and Mr. Pennington. In April of 1980, Mr. Pennington began making monthly payments of $1,250 to petitioner under the agreement.
On May 13, 1980, the above property settlement agreement was amended, and on August 12, 1980, it was set aside. On October 17, 1980, the Chancery Court issued an order directing Mr. Pennington to convey to petitioner one-half of certain stocks that were jointly owned by petitioner and Mr. Pennington. Mr. Pennington apparently never complied with this order.
On February 6, 1981, petitioner and Mr. Pennington entered into a revised property settlement agreement under which certain property was to be divided between petitioner and Mr. Pennington in settlement of all claims either party had against the other arising out of the marriage. The value of the properties subject to the revised property settlement agreement was to be determined as of August 10, 1976.
Under the revised property settlement agreement, Mr. Pennington was to convey to petitioner free and clear of all liens and encumbrances the home in which petitioner was then living. He was to pay $110,000 in cash to petitioner, and he was to assume and pay outstanding indebtedness totaling $260,000 on unspecified jointly held property. Apparently the home referred to was known as "the Cobb property" which had been purchased in 1977 for $60,000 by Mr. Pennington or by Pennington Real Estate.
Also under the revised property settlement agreement, Mr. Pennington was required to pay petitioner a total of $150,000 in monthly installments of $1,250, with credit to be given for payments made since April of 1980. Mr. Pennington was to execute a promissory note and mortgage as security for payment of the $150,000, and his obligation to pay the $150,000 was to be unaffected by either the remarriage of petitioner or by Mr. Pennington's death.
In exchange for Mr. Pennington's agreement to transfer to petitioner the above-described property as part of the revised property settlement agreement, petitioner agreed to relinquish her dower rights in the property that Mr. Pennington had held in his separate name during the marriage, and petitioner agreed to relinquish her interests in the property that had been jointly held during the marriage.
In March of 1981, Mr. Pennington executed a promissory note in favor of petitioner in the amount of $135,000. Although the revised property settlement agreement specified that the note was to be in the amount of $150 000 the parties have stipulated that the actual amount of the promissory note was $135,000.
On March 6, 1981, Mr. Pennington paid petitioner $110,000. Also in March of 1981, Mr. Pennington assumed all the liabilities on the property held jointly during the marriage. Although the revised property settlement agreement reflects that Mr. Pennington was to assume liabilities in the amount of $260,000, the financial statements prepared by his personal accountant as of August 10, 1976, show total liabilities of $165,000 on the jointly held property. Without explanation, both petitioner and respondent in their trial memoranda assert that the amount of joint liabilities assumed by Mr. Pennington was $89,000.
In April of 1981, Mr. Pennington individually and as president of Pennington Real Estate executed a quitclaim deed to the Cobb property in favor of petitioner. During 1981 and 1982, Mr. Pennington paid petitioner the monthly installment payments due of $1,250.
On her individual Federal income tax returns for 1980, 1981, and 1982, petitioner did not report any gain relating to the relinquishment or exchange of her marital dower rights or her interests in the jointly held property for the various interests in the property received from Mr. Pennington under the revised property settlement agreement.
On audit, respondent apparently determined that petitioner's relinquishment or exchange of all of her interests in the property she transferred incident to the divorce constituted a taxable sale, giving rise to $249,958 in capital gain income for 1981. Respondent's computation was based on petitioner's receipt of property from Mr. Pennington with an alleged value of $364,268 in exchange for petitioner's interests in the marital and jointly held property in which petitioner allegedly had a tax basis of $114,310.
OpinionSection 611 provides that gross income includes all income from whatever source derived. Section 1001(a) provides that gain from the sale or disposition of property is the excess of the amount realized over the adjusted basis of the property. Section 1001(b) provides that the amount realized includes money plus the value of property received in the exchange. Section 1001(c) provides that, unless otherwise provided, the entire amount of gain or loss shall be recognized.
For the years before us, a wife's release or transfer of her dower rights in her husband's separate property in exchange for property or other consideration is regarded as an exchange that does not result in taxable gain or loss to the wife. United States v. Davis [62-2 USTC ¶ 9509], 370 U.S. 65, 73 n. 7 (1962);2 Howard v. Commissioner [71-1 USTC ¶ 9427], 447 F.2d 152, 159 (5th Cir. 1971), revg. on other grounds [Dec. 30,027] 54 T.C. 855, 858 (1970); Carrieres v. Commissioner [Dec. 33,399], 64 T.C. 959, 965 n. 2 (1975), affd. [77-1 USTC ¶ 9425] 552 F.2d 1350 (9th Cir. 1977). This is the case regardless of the type...
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