Pennzoil Co. v. Arnold Oil Co.

• Citation: 30 S.W.3d 494
• Decision Date: 23 August 2000
• Docket Number: No. 04-00-00119-CV,No. 04-00-00062-CV,04-00-00062-CV,04-00-00119-CV
• Parties: (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2000) PENNZOIL COMPANY and Pennzoil Products Company, Appellants v. ARNOLD OIL COMPANY, INC., Appellee IN RE PENNZOIL COMPANY and Pennzoil Products Company
• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas

Page 494

30 S.W.3d 494 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2000)

PENNZOIL COMPANY and Pennzoil Products Company, Appellants v. ARNOLD OIL COMPANY, INC., Appellee

IN RE PENNZOIL COMPANY and Pennzoil Products Company

No. 04-00-00062-CV

No. 04-00-00119-CV

Court of Appeals, Fourth District of Texas

August 23, 2000

From the 229th Judicial District Court, Duval County, Texas Trial Court No. 98-10-17,420 Honorable Alex W. Gabert, Judge Presiding

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]

Original Mandamus Proceeding. ¹.

Sitting: Phil Hardberger, Chief Justice, Tom Rickhoff, Justice, Sarah B. Duncan, Justice.

OPINION

Opinion by: Sarah B. Duncan, Justice.

In these consolidated proceedings, Pennzoil Company and Pennzoil Products Company complain of the trial court's denial of their motion to compel arbitration of Arnold Oil Company's claims against them. We dismiss Pennzoil's interlocutory appeal for lack of jurisdiction because the arbitration clause at issue is governed by the Federal Arbitration Act, and we conditionally grant the requested writ of mandamus.

Factual and Procedural Background

Pennzoil and Arnold entered into a nonexclusive contract for Arnold to distribute Pennzoil oils and lubricants in an eighteen-county area of south Texas. In October 1997, Pennzoil gave Arnold notice, in compliance with the terms of the contract, of its intent to terminate the contract in sixty days. Pennzoil later contracted with Texas Enterprises, Inc., d/b/a Golden West ("Golden West") to serve as the authorized Pennzoil distributor in the area. A year later, Arnold sued Pennzoil and Golden West for tortious interference with contract, civil conspiracy, and tortious interference with prospective business relationships.

After suit was filed, Pennzoil unsuccessfully moved for a change of venue, served interrogatories and two requests for production of documents, participated in six depositions, participated in a docket control conference, paid a jury fee, requested an extension of the trial date, proposed a protective order regarding discovery materials, and filed a motion to compel discovery. On August 26, 1999, Pennzoil filed a motion to compel arbitration pursuant to a provision in the Pennzoil/Arnold contract. On the same day, Pennzoil and Golden West filed, subject to the motion to compel arbitration, a joint motion for summary judgment on all Arnold's claims. On September 9, 1999, amended motions to compel arbitration and for summary judgment were filed, adding only a business records affidavit to each motion. Arnold responded to both motions and argued the motion for arbitration should be denied because the claims are not within the scope of the arbitration clause and because Pennzoil waived its right to arbitrate. After a hearing on the motions, the trial court denied the motion for summary judgment and later denied the motion to compel arbitration. Pennzoil complains of the arbitration order in an accelerated appeal and a petition for writ of mandamus, which we have consolidated.

Accelerated Appeal or Mandamus?

A trial court's order denying arbitration under the Texas Arbitration Act, Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 171.001, et seq. (Vernon Supp. 1999), is subject to interlocutory appeal. Id. § 171.098(a). However, relief from a denial of arbitration sought under the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C.A. §1, et seq. (West 1999), must be pursued by mandamus. EZ Pawn Corp. v. Mancias, 934 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tex. 1996). The contractual arbitration clause in this case does not specifically invoke either the Texas Arbitration Act or the Federal Arbitration Act, and the trial court made no ruling on which Act applies.

The Federal Arbitration Act governs a written arbitration clause in "a contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce ...." 9 U.S.C.A. § 2. This provision extends to any transaction affecting commerce and is coextensive with the reach of the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. Allied-Bruce Terminix Co. v. Dobson, 513 U.S. 265, 273-277 (1995); see In re L & L Kempwood Assocs., 9 S.W.3d 125, 127 (Tex. 1999). A contract "evidenc[es] a transaction involving commerce" if it in fact turns out to involve interstate commerce. Allied-Bruce, 513 U.S. at 277-281.

The Pennzoil/Arnold agreement involved interstate commerce. The contract is between Pennzoil, a Nevada corporation, and Arnold, a Texas corporation; Pennzoil's letter terminating the contract is on letterhead with a Georgia address; in the course of performing the contract, Arnold's principals attended Pennzoil sales meetings in Nevada and Arizona; and Pennzoil delivered its products to Arnold's distribution center in Corpus Christi, Texas directly from Pennzoil's distribution facility in Shreveport, Louisiana. Therefore, the arbitration clause is in "a contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce ..." governed by the Federal Arbitration Act, and the trial court's order denying arbitration is not subject to interlocutory appeal. 9 U.S.C.A. § 2; EZ Pawn, 934 S.W.2d at 91. We therefore dismiss Pennzoil's interlocutory appeal for lack of jurisdiction.

Requirements for Granting a Writ of Mandamus

A writ of mandamus will issue to correct a clear abuse of discretion for which the remedy by appeal is inadequate. Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839 (Tex. 1992). With respect to factual issues, an abuse of discretion is shown if the trial court could reasonably have reached only one decision and failed to do so. Id. at 839-40. With respect to questions of law, however, "[a] trial court has no 'discretion.'" Id. at 840. Therefore, "a clear failure by the trial court to analyze or apply the law correctly will constitute an abuse of discretion." Id. The remedy by appeal is inadequate when the trial court erroneously denies a motion to arbitrate under the Federal Arbitration Act. In re Bruce Terminix Co., 988 S.W.2d 702, 703-04 (Tex. 1998).

Discussion

Pennzoil contends the trial court abused its discretion in denying its motion to compel arbitration because Arnold's claims are within the scope of the arbitration agreement and Pennzoil did not waive its right to arbitrate. We agree.

Scope of the Arbitration Agreement

The party seeking to compel arbitration must establish an agreement by the parties to arbitrate and that the claims in the lawsuit are within the scope of the arbitration agreement. In re Oakwood Mobile Homes, Inc., 987 S.W.2d 571, 573 (Tex. 1999). To determine whether a claim falls within the scope of an arbitration agreement, we look at the terms of the agreement and the factual allegations in the petition. Prudential Sec. Inc. v. Marshall, 909 S.W.2d 896, 900 (Tex. 1995). Generally, if the facts alleged "touch matters," have a "significant relationship" to, are "inextricably enmeshed" with, or are "factually intertwined" with the contract that is subject to the arbitration agreement, the claim will be arbitrable. See Hou-Scape, Inc. v. Lloyd, 945 S.W.2d 202, 205-06 (Tex. App. Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, orig. proceeding) (citing cases). However, if the facts alleged in support of the claim stand alone, are completely independent of the contract, and the claim could be maintained without reference to the contract, the claim is not subject to arbitration. See Fridl v. Cook, 908 S.W.2d 507, 511 (Tex. App. El Paso 1995, writ dism'd w.o.j.). The Federal Arbitration Act favors arbitration and any doubts as to whether a claim falls within the scope of an arbitration agreement must be resolved in favor of arbitration. Prudential, 909 S.W.2d at 899. Thus a court should not deny a motion to compel arbitration "'unless it can be said with positive assurance that an arbitration clause is not susceptible of an interpretation which would cover the dispute at issue.'" Id. (quoting Neal v. Hardee's Food Sys., Inc., 918 F.2d 34, 37 (5th Cir.1990)).

The Pennzoil/Arnold agreement contains the following arbitration clause:

Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this Agreement, its performance or the breach thereof, shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of the American Arbitration Association, and the award rendered by the arbitrators shall be binding as between the parties. Judgment upon the award may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof. The non-prevailing party shall reimburse the prevailing party for costs an reasonable attorneys' fees incurred in the arbitration process. This provision is irrevocable.

Thus, the only disputed issue is whether this arbitration clause encompasses Arnold's claims.

Arnold's amended petition alleges that while its distributorship contract with Pennzoil was in effect, a Pennzoil manager and representatives of Golden West engaged in activity calculated to induce Arnold's customers to start buying from Golden West and to undercut Arnold's sales within its contractual service area. Their alleged purpose was to provide justification for Pennzoil to terminate its contract with Arnold and replace it with Golden West. Arnold alleges the activity caused Pennzoil to terminate its contract with Arnold and disrupted Arnold's current and future relationships with its customers. The petition alleges tortious interference with contract against Golden West and civil conspiracy and tortious interference with prospective business relationships against both Pennzoil and Golden West.

Arnold's conspiracy claim against Pennzoil clearly relates to the distributorship contract; there would be no controversy had Pennzoil not terminated Arnold's distributorship contract. Arnold's claim of tortious interference with future business is based on its contention that Pennzoil's termination of the contract caused Arnold to lose future business with existing customers. The petition does not allege any tortious acts by Pennzoil occurring after termination of the contract. Thus this claim too is factually interwoven with and "relates to" the contract and its performance. See American Employers' Ins....