People v. Allen

• Decision Date: 11 February 1988
• Docket Number: No. 2-84-0460,2-84-0460
• Citation: 118 Ill.Dec. 479,168 Ill.App.3d 397,521 N.E.2d 1172
• Parties: , 118 Ill.Dec. 479 The PEOPLE of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Nathaniel ALLEN, Defendant-Appellant. Second District
• Court: United States Appellate Court of Illinois

Page 1172

521 N.E.2d 1172

168 Ill.App.3d 397, 118 Ill.Dec. 479

The PEOPLE of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Nathaniel ALLEN, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 2-84-0460.

Appellate Court of Illinois,

Second District.

Feb. 11, 1988.

G. Joseph Weller, Deputy Defender, Robert Hirschhorn (argued), Kim M. DeWitt, Asst. Defender, Office of the State Appellate Defender, Elgin, for Nathaniel Allen.

Nathaniel Allen, pro se.

Robert J. Morrow, Robert F. Casey, Kane County State's Atty., Geneva, Phyllis J. Perko, William L. Browers (argued), Deputy Directors, State's Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor, Elgin, Neil F. Hartigan, Atty. Gen., Marcia L. Friedl, Asst. Atty. Gen., Chicago, Roma Jones-Stewart, Sol. Gen., Shawn W. Denny, Asst. Sol. Gen., for the People.

Justice NASH delivered the opinion of the court:

Defendant, Nathaniel Allen, was convicted of burglary and sentenced to a term of seven years' imprisonment. This court affirmed the conviction in People v. Allen (1985), 137 Ill. App. 3d 823, 92 Ill.Dec. 658, 485 N.E.2d 469, and the Supreme Court of Illinois thereafter denied defendant's petition for leave to appeal. Certiorari was granted by the United States Supreme Court, 479 U.S. 1076, 107 S.Ct. 1269, 94 L.Ed.2d 131, which vacated the conviction and remanded the cause to this court for further consideration in light of Batson v. Kentucky (1986), 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69, and Griffith v. Kentucky (1987), 479 U.S. 314, 107 S.Ct. 708, 93 L.Ed.2d 649.

The parties have filed additional briefs, and the defendant, who is black, contends that he established at trial a prima facie showing that through the use of a peremptory challenge the prosecutor engaged in purposeful racial discrimination in the exclusion of a black juror. He argues that this court should find that a prima facie case was made and remand the cause to the trial court for a hearing in which the State would be required to come forth with a racially neutral explanation of its challenge of that juror.

The State agrees the matter should be remanded to the trial court for a "Batson" hearing but contends that the question whether defendant has established a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination in selection of the petit jury should, in the first instance, be considered by the trial court. We agree.

At the time of the selection of the jury which decided this case the Illinois courts considered the issue of the misuse of peremptory challenges to exclude jurors for racial reasons under the guidelines set forth in People v. Payne (1983), 99 Ill.2d 135, 75 Ill.Dec. 643, 457 N.E.2d 1202, and Swain v. Alabama (1965), 380 U.S. 202, 85 S.Ct. 824, 13 L.Ed.2d 759. Those guidelines provided that to raise a constitutional issue of purposeful discrimination a defendant must show that the State had systematically excluded prospective petit jurors on the basis of race by the exercise of peremptory challenges in case after case. (99 Ill.2d 135, 137; People v. Williams (1983), 97 Ill.2d 252, 278, 73 Ill.Dec. 360, 454 N.E.2d 220.) However, the procedural rules have been changed by the court in Batson v. Kentucky since the jury was selected in the present case. Now, to establish a prima facie case of discrimination, a defendant must first show that he is a member of a recognizable racial group and that the State used peremptory challenges to remove members of his race from the jury panel. In that event, a defendant is entitled to rely on the fact that peremptory challenges in jury selection do permit improper discrimination by one who is of a mind to do so. Finally, defendant must show that these facts, and any other relevant circumstances, raise an inference that the prosecutor exercised peremptory challenges to exclude those prospective jurors on account of their race. If the court determines on consideration of these factors that an inference of discriminatory exclusion of jurors has been raised, the burden shifts to the State to come forward with a racially neutral explanation for its peremptory challenges. Batson v. Kentucky (1986), 476 U.S. 79, 97, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 1723, 90 L.Ed.2d 69, 88.

It is apparent in this case that neither the trial court, the defendant nor the State could have considered the new procedure mandated by the U.S. Supreme Court in resolving the issue and we conclude that the trial court should make the initial determination of whether defendant has established a prima facie showing of purposeful racial discrimination. We consider also that defendant should have an opportunity to present evidence to establish a prima facie case under the Batson procedure in the circuit court rather than be required to rely entirely upon the sparse record made at trial under other rules.

Accordingly, this cause is remanded to the circuit court of Kane County for a hearing to be conducted in accordance with Batson v. Kentucky at which defendant will be permitted to present evidence to substantiate his claim of unconstitutional discrimination in the exercise of peremptory challenges when the jury was chosen. If the trial court finds that a prima facie showing of such discrimination has been made, it will then determine whether or not there is a neutral explanation by the State for its exercise of the questioned challenges. The trial court shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law which, together with the record of the proceedings, shall be filed with the clerk of this court within 63 days of the filing of this opinion. This court retains jurisdiction for the purpose of reviewing the determination of the trial court, and the defendant and State will be allowed to submit supplemental briefs addressing the issue in this court.

Remanded with directions

SUPPLEMENT TO OPINION AFTER REMAND

On remand, the circuit court held the hearing mandated by our initial opinion and the additional record and briefs of defendant and the State addressing the Batson issue have been filed in this court.

At the commencement of the hearing held in the circuit court on remand, the State stipulated that defendant had established a prima facie case of racial discrimination by the State's use of a peremptory challenge to exclude Arthur Ellis, a black man, from the jury which tried defendant, who is also black. Because of the stipulation, the burden shifted to the State to come forward with a race neutral explanation for challenging the potential juror. Batson, 476 U.S. at 97, 106 S.Ct. at 1723, 90 L.Ed.2d at 88.

Thomas Sullivan, a former assistant State's Attorney who had prosecuted the case and had by peremptory challenge excused Mr. Ellis as a juror, testified that at the time the jury was selected he considered the case to have racial overtones. Sullivan recalled that there had been a number of pretrial hearings, in one of which the State had sought to increase defendant's bond because of an unrelated theft charge, and attorney Sullivan believed that defendant felt his arrest and prosecution was racially inspired. Defendant had claimed that he had been manhandled by the police and intimated he had been arrested because he was the only black man on the street; attorney Sullivan felt that those matters were going to be advanced as a defense to the burglary prosecution. Sullivan further testified that in examination of the jurors, defendant's counsel had "pinpointed" Mr. Ellis as being the only black man on the panel, which isolated him, and may have placed Mr. Ellis in a difficult situation.

On cross-examination, attorney Sullivan stated he had not excluded Mr. Ellis on the basis of any information in the juror profile questionnaire, but because of his perception of Mr. Ellis. He denied that the decision to exclude was based primarily on race, and that Mr. Ellis was excluded, in part, because the prosecutor believed racial issues would be raised in trial.

The trial court found that the State had not presented a racially neutral explanation for challenging the juror. In commenting on the evidence, the court expressed the view that any person, black or white, was entitled to have his peers as jurors, regardless of the issues, and that defendant had a right to have a black juror. The judge also noted that racial issues were stated to be a reason for the challenge of this juror.

The defendant contends first that the State has no right to challenge in this court the findings made by the circuit court of prima facie racial discrimination for which a neutral explanation was not offered. He posits that these are not findings from which the State may appeal under Supreme Court Rule 604(a) (107 Ill.2d R. 604(a)), and that the effect of permitting the State to offer a responsive brief in this matter is to allow it to take an unauthorized appeal. Defendant concludes that the findings made by the trial court on our remand are final, insofar as the State is concerned, and that as a result of those findings he is entitled to a new trial. Defendant does not suggest, however, that a contrary finding by the circuit court would have been final as to him.

It is true, as defendant contends, that an order by a circuit court granting a defendant a new trial in a criminal case is not one of the grounds enumerated by Supreme Court Rule 604(a) (107 Ill.2d R. 604(a)) from which the State is authorized to appeal. That, however, is not what has occurred in the present case. Here, as a result of defendant's continuing appeal from his conviction for burglary, the United State's Supreme Court remanded the cause to this court for further consideration. We concluded that the pre-Batson record made at the time the jury was selected was insufficient to permit a proper consideration of the Batson issues, and this court remanded the case to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing to...