People v. Atencio

• Decision Date: 20 October 2005
• Docket Number: No. 03CA2147.,03CA2147.
• Citation: 140 P.3d 73
• Parties: The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Michael I. ATENCIO, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Colorado Court of Appeals

Page 73

140 P.3d 73

The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Michael I. ATENCIO, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 03CA2147.

Colorado Court of Appeals, Div. A.

October 20, 2005.

Certiorari Denied June 5, 2006.^*

John W. Suthers, Attorney General, Jennifer M. Smith, Assistant Attorney General, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

David S. Kaplan, Colorado State Public Defender, Shann Jeffery, Deputy State Public Defender, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellant.

NEY^**, J.

Defendant, Michael I. Atencio, appeals the judgment of conviction entered upon jury verdicts finding him guilty of unlawful possession of more than twenty-five grams of a schedule II controlled substance with intent to distribute, resisting arrest, and tampering with physical evidence. We affirm.

I.

Defendant first argues that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury's finding that he possessed a schedule II controlled substance. We disagree.

The controlled substances statute provides, in relevant part, as follows:

(1)(a) ... [I]t is unlawful for any person knowingly to ... possess, or to possess with intent to ... distribute a controlled substance....

(2) ... [A]ny person who violates any of the provisions of subsection (1) of this section:

(a) In the case of a controlled substance listed in schedule I or II of part 2 of this article, commits:

(I) A class 3 felony . . . .

(3)(a) ... [A]ny person convicted pursuant to paragraph (a) of subsection (2) of this section for knowingly ... possessing, or possessing with intent to . . . distribute . . . an amount that is or has been represented to be:

(I) At least twenty-five grams or one ounce but less than four hundred fifty grams of any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that contains a schedule I or schedule II controlled substance . . . shall be sentenced to the department of corrections for at least the minimum term of incarceration in the presumptive range provided for such offense in section 18-1-105(1)(a). . . .

Section 18-18-405, C.R.S.2005.

Because the sentencing provision relating to the amount of the controlled substance increases the punishment for the offense, this provision must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt in the same manner as an element of the offense. See People v. Hinojos-Mendoza, 140 P.3d 30, 2005 WL 2561391 (Colo.App. No. 03CA0645, July 28, 2005); People v. Whitley, 998 P.2d 31, 33 (Colo.App. 1999).

In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a guilty verdict, a reviewing court must determine whether any rational trier of fact might accept the evidence, taken as a whole and in the light most favorable to the prosecution, as sufficient to support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. In applying this standard, we must give the prosecution the benefit of every reasonable inference that might fairly be drawn from the evidence. Kogan v. People, 756 P.2d 945 (Colo.1988).

Here, the evidence, under the foregoing standards, establishes the following facts. Police officers responding to the report of a domestic disturbance contacted defendant and learned that he was wanted in connection with an active arrest warrant. As the officers tried to take defendant into custody, defendant broke free and ran.

One of the officers chased after defendant on foot. As the officer closed in on defendant, defendant ran toward a private residence and tried to scale a fence. He did not succeed, though he did manage to drape his arms over the top of the fence. The officer ordered defendant to disentangle himself from the fence and return to the ground. Defendant complied.

As the officer was waiting for other officers to arrive at the scene, the owner of the residence emerged from his house and called the officer's attention to four baggies that were on the ground in the yard approximately five to six feet from the fence. The baggies contained a white powdery substance. When the officer retrieved the baggies, he noticed that they were warmer than the night air.

The owner of the residence testified that the baggies containing the white powdery substance were not on the ground when he was in the yard approximately thirty to forty-five minutes before defendant attempted to climb the fence. The owner further testified that he was "100%" certain he would have noticed the baggies when he was in the yard earlier because the area where they were later discovered was "easily visible."

Subsequent forensic testing revealed that the baggies contained methamphetamine and cocaine with a combined weight of approximately 109 grams (just under four ounces).

On appeal, defendant argues that the evidence of possession was insufficient because the People did not prove anything other than "non-exclusive access and proximity to the area where the drugs were found." We disagree.

A conviction for unlawful possession of a controlled substance may be predicated on circumstantial evidence. The controlled substance need not be found on the person of the defendant, as long as it is found in a place under his or her dominion and control. However, where a person is not in exclusive possession of the premises in which drugs are found, such an inference may not be drawn unless there are statements or other circumstances tending to buttress the inference of possession. See People v. Stark, 691 P.2d 334, 339 (Colo.1984).

In this case, there were four pieces of circumstantial evidence to buttress the inference that defendant knowingly possessed the controlled substances: defendant fled from the officers; the baggies of methamphetamine and cocaine were found in the place where defendant's flight was interrupted; the baggies were warmer than the night air; and the baggies had not been in that location shortly before defendant was apprehended there.

Contrary to defendant's suggestion, the aggregation of the foregoing items of evidence does not constitute the stacking of inferences that has been disapproved of in cases such as People v. Ayala, 770 P.2d 1265, 1268 (Colo.1989). Accordingly, we conclude that, in combination, this evidence supports the jury's finding that defendant knowingly possessed the controlled substances.

II.

Defendant next argues that the trial court committed reversible error by allowing a police officer to testify, as an expert witness, that the amount of drugs in defendant's possession was consistent with distribution, rather than with mere personal use. Again, we disagree.

Trial courts are vested with broad discretion in matters of admissibility of expert testimony, and that determination will not be overturned absent an abuse of discretion. Masters v. People, 58 P.3d 979 (Colo. 2002).

Here, the People called a police sergeant with two years of experience as a narcotics investigator for a regional drug task force who had also attended numerous specialized training programs concerning the use and distribution of narcotics. Over defendant's objection, the court qualified the sergeant as an expert witness concerning the "use and distribution of controlled substances."

The officer then proceeded to testify, based on his experience and training, that a typical user of methamphetamine or cocaine consumes up to three grams per day, that most transactions involve the purchase of a single gram, and that the street value of an ounce of cocaine or methamphetamine ranges from $800 to $1200. The officer opined that four ounces of a controlled substance was an amount consistent with distribution, rather than with personal use.

We reject defendant's claim that the sergeant's testimony constituted an expression of opinion that invaded the jury's province as the body charged with determining whether defendant had the intent to distribute. Although the sergeant did testify that the amount of drugs seized was consistent with an intent to distribute, he never said that defendant actually possessed that intent. Indeed, nothing in the sergeant's testimony would have been inconsistent with a jury finding that defendant was an especially heavy user who was stockpiling a large quantity of controlled substances for future personal use. Accordingly, we perceive no abuse of discretion in the trial court's ruling. See Davis v. State, 200...