People v. Baca

• Decision Date: 21 March 1977
• Docket Number: No. 27112,27112
• Citation: 562 P.2d 411,193 Colo. 9
• Parties: The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Raymond Cruz BACA, a/k/a Raymond Cruz 'Cornbread' Baca, a/k/a Ray Baca, a/k/a Ray Cruz Baca, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Colorado Supreme Court

Page 411

562 P.2d 411

193 Colo. 9

The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Raymond Cruz BACA, a/k/a Raymond Cruz 'Cornbread' Baca a/k/a Ray Baca, a/k/a Ray Cruz Baca, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 27112.

Supreme Court of Colorado, En Banc.

March 21, 1977.

Rehearing Denied April 25, 1977.

J. E. Losavio, Jr., Dist. Atty., Patricia W. Robb, Warren T. Marshall, Deputy Dist. Attys., Pueblo, for plaintiff-appellee.

Rollie R. Rogers, Colorado State Public Defender, James F. Dumas, Jr., Chief

Deputy State Public Defender, Carol L. Gerstl, Deputy State Public Defender, Denver, for defendant-appellant.

ERICKSON, Justice.

This case presents the question of whether a mistrial, occasioned by the misconduct of the prosecutor and granted at the instance of and pursuant to a defense motion, can provide the basis for a claim of double jeopardy upon retrial of the defendant.

The defendant was convicted of the murder of Leroy Romero. In the course of an earlier trial on the same charge, the prosecutor called a witness in rebuttal and sought to obtain certain testimony from her regarding an attempt by the defendant to persuade her to commit perjury. An objection was made, and an In camera hearing followed. At the conclusion of the hearing, the district attorney was advised as to the proper method and the foundation which was necessary to secure the witness's testimony. He advised the court that he would proceed on that basis, but instead he released the witness. The defendant, thereupon, moved for a mistrial, and the court granted the motion 'because of the inferences and innuendos obvious in the District Attorney's questioning of the witness.' In particular, the trial court found that it was the prosecutor's 'abandoning of the effort to question (the witness) further that . . . causes the difficulty and is . . . prejudicial.'

When the case was brought to trial for a second time, the defendant claimed double jeopardy. ¹ The trial court denied his motion to dismiss, ruling that 'it would be illogical to allow a defendant to actively seek a mistrial and by so doing, thereafter prevent any trial at all.' We find this test to be incomplete.

Two related considerations lie at the heart of the double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment. One focuses upon the impropriety of giving the government repeated chances to secure a conviction:

'(T)he State with all its resources and power should not be allowed to make repeated attempts to convict an individual for an alleged offense, thereby subjecting him to embarrassment, expense and ordeal and compelling him to live in a continuing state of anxiety and insecurity, as well as enhancing the possibility that even though innocent he may be found guilty.'

United States v. Dinitz, 424 U.S. 600, 96 S.Ct. 1075, 47 L.Ed.2d 267 (1976), Quoting Green v. United States, 355 U.S. 184, 78 S.Ct. 221, 2 L.Ed.2d 199 (1957); Accord, United States v. Wilson, 534 F.2d 76 (6th Cir. 1976); United States v. Kessler, 530 F.2d 1246 (5th Cir. 1976). The other consideration embraces the defendant's 'valued right to have his trial completed by a particular tribunal.' United States v. Dinitz, supra; Illinois v. Somerville, 410 U.S. 458, 93 S.Ct. 1066, 35 L.Ed.2d 425 (1973); Wade v. Hunter, 336 U.S. 684, 69 S.Ct. 834, 93 L.Ed. 974 (1949).

Balanced against this solicitude for the defendant is a legitimate concern for the 'public's interest in fair trials designed to end in just judgments.' Wade v. Hunter, supra; see Barriner v. District Court, 174 Colo. 447, 484 P.2d 774 (1971). As a means of reaching this balance, the doctrine of 'manifest necessity' was designed to guide the trial court's broad discretion in declaring a mistrial Over the objection of the defendant. Because a mistrial effectively negates the defendant's interest in seeing his prosecution carried forth to a verdict by a particular jury, use of the device is allowed only where manifestly necessary or 'legally justified' to preserve the public interest in fair trials on both sides. ² See Espinoza v. District Court, 180 Colo. 391, 506 P.2d 131 (1973); Maes v. District Court, 180 Colo. 169, 503 P.2d 621 (1972). Failure to predicate a mistrial upon such a standard results in a bar against subsequent retrial of the defendant. See United States v. Dinitz, supra; Illinois v. Somerville, supra; United States v. Jorn, 400 U.S. 470, 91 S.Ct. 547, 27 L.Ed.2d 543 (1971); United States v. Perez, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 579, 6 L.Ed. 165 (1824); Espinoza v. District Court, supra; Maes v. District Court, supra. The crux of this doctrine is simply that, where 'manifest necessity' is demonstrated, the public interest in a fair trial and a just verdict outweighs the defendant's dual interests in proceeding to a verdict or avoiding retrial for the same offense. See Illinois v. Somerville, supra; Espinoza v. District Court, supra.

A completely different situation is presented, however, when the defendant moves for, or consents to, a mistrial. See United States v. Sanford, 429 U.S. 14, 97 S.Ct. 20, 50 L.Ed.2d 17 (1976) ('If the mistrial is declared at the behest of the defendant, the manifest necessity test does not apply.'); United States v. Dinitz, supra (different considerations than the 'manifest necessity' standard apply when a mistrial is declared at the defendant's request). The defendant's motion for a mistrial is generally considered to operate as a waiver of the principle of 'manifest necessity,' which protects him from retrial under the double jeopardy clause. ³ See United States v. Dinitz, supra; Illinois v. Somerville,supra; United States v. Tateo, 377 U.S. 463, 84 S.Ct. 1587, 12 L.Ed.2d 448 (1964).

However, a caveat is tied to this general 'waiver' rule which permits retrial after a defendant has successfully pursued a motion for a mistrial:

'(The) traditional waiver concepts have little relevance where the defendant must determine whether or not to request or consent to mistrial in response to judicial or prosecutorial error.

'The Double Jeopardy Clause does protect a defendant against governmental action Intended to provoke mistrial requests and thereby subject defendants to the substantial burdens imposed by multiple prosecutions. It bars retrials where 'bad-faith conduct by the judge or prosecutor' threatens the '(h) arassment of an accused by successive prosecutions or declaration of a mistrial so as to afford the prosecution a more favorable opportunity to convict' the defendant.' (Emphasis added.)

United States v. Dinitz, supra, quoting United States v. Jorn, supra; accord, United States v. Wilson, supra; United States v. Kessler, supra. ⁴

The degree of 'prosecutorial overreaching' required to sustain a double jeopardy claim over the defendant's successful mistrial motion has not been specifically delineated. Cf. Illinois v. Somerville, supra (noting consistent rejection of such an approach in this area); Maes v. District Court, supra (courts decline to formulate rules based upon 'categories of circumstances' which preclude retrials); Barriner v. District Court, supra. In Dinitz, the Court found no judicial overreaching in a trial judge's banishment of defendant's counsel from the courtroom, after that counsel had repeatedly defied the court's admonitions regarding the proper scope of an opening statement. The Dinitz Court found that, even assuming the trial judge had 'overreacted,' there was no basis for showing 'that the judge's action was motivated by bad faith or undertaken to harass or prejudice the defendant.' United States v. Dinitz, supra. While other courts have considered both the objective indicia of prejudice to the defendant and the subjective motivation of the 'overreaching' party, See United States v. Kessler, supra, we conclude that a standard based Solely upon prejudicial effect would eliminate the distinction embodied in the rule. ⁵

Accordingly, while the nature and gravity of the error may be relevant to the motivation of the party committing the error, or may give additional weight to a finding of bad faith the crucial focus must remain upon that motivation.

In the present case, the court found that, while the prosecutor's conduct in 'abandoning' the line of questions and releasing the witness was prejudicial because of the unresolved innuendos it created, the prosecutor was, nonetheless, entitled to inquire into that area. Moreover, the prosecutor offered repeatedly to recall the witness. The jury, at the time, was unaware that the witness had been excused. There is no basis in the record for showing that the prosecution was attempting to save its case for another day by triggering a mistrial. In fact, the prosecution argued vigorously against the mistrial motion.

The record contains no indication of prosecutorial overreaching. The trial court's finding of prejudice as a basis for the mistrial is not enough to bar reprosecution of this defendant. While the trial court erred in considering the elements necessary to invoke a sustainable claim of double jeopardy protection, we find the error harmless. A correct result reached upon an erroneous analysis is not a basis for reversal. Cf. Walker v. People, 175 Colo. 173, 489 P.2d 584 (1971).

We find the defendant's other contentions to be without merit.

Accordingly, we affirm.

PRINGLE, C.J., concurs in the result.

GROVES, J., specially concurring.

GROVES, Justice, specially concurring.

I can see no distinction between the second trial here and a situation in which the mistrial had not been granted, the defendant convicted and on appeal the case reversed for a new trial. After the preliminary statement in the opinion, I would simply state that.

1 It is uncontested that 'jeopardy' had attached in this case. See People v. Terry, Colo., 538 P.2d 466 (1975) (jeopardy attaches when jury sworn); People v. Garner, 187 Colo. 294, 530 P.2d 496 (1975) (jurisdictional defect of improper information negates attachment of jeopardy); People v. King, 181...