People v. Breckenridge, Docket No. 28463

• Decision Date: 24 January 1978
• Docket Number: Docket No. 28463
• Citation: 81 Mich.App. 6,263 N.W.2d 922
• Parties: PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Don BRECKENRIDGE, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Michigan — District of US

Page 922

263 N.W.2d 922

81 Mich.App. 6

PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Don BRECKENRIDGE, Defendant-Appellant.

Docket No. 28463.

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

Jan. 24, 1978.

Released for Publication April 6, 1978.

Leave to Appeal Denied April 10, 1978.

Cholette, Perkins & Buchanan by Grant J. Gruel, Grand Rapids, for defendant-appellant.

Frank J. Kelley, Atty. Gen., Robert A. Derengoski, Sol. Gen., David H. Sawyer, Pros. Atty., for plaintiff-appellee.

Before MAHER, P. J., and CAVANAGH, and KAUFMAN, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

On January 29, 1976, a jury convicted Don Breckenridge of obtaining money by false pretenses, M.C.L.A. § 750.218; M.S.A. § 28.415, and of violating the Uniform Securities Act, M.C.L.A. §§ 451.501, 451.809; M.S.A. §§ 19.776(101), 19.776(409). Defendant was sentenced to a term of imprisonment for not less than 31/2 nor more than 10 years.

Defendant Breckenridge was a divisional manager for Investor's Diversified Services (IDS), a company which sells mutual funds, saving certificates, tax exempt bonds and insurance.

In January or February of 1973, defendant approached Dale Discher, vice-president and treasurer of Amway Corporation, about obtaining loans, apparently for construction.

Discher testified that by an arrangement made in February, 1973, Amway Corporation was to loan money to Mr. Breckenridge against 30-day promissory notes which would be secured by shares in defendant's Investor's Stock Fund Account worth not less than 140% Of the loan amount. An assignment of the shares accompanied each note.

As a result of the February, 1973, arrangement, a series of 30-day notes was given by defendant over the next year until, in February, 1974, there were 56 different notes. On February 11, 1974, all the then-outstanding notes were consolidated into one note for $650,000. A security agreement, accompanying the note, provided that defendant Breckenridge granted to Amway a security interest in 41,800 shares of IDS stock.

Also accompanying the note was a document entitled "Funds Change of Name, Ownership or Beneficiary". This document provided that Don Breckenridge did "assign for value received * * * 41,800 shares described above". The issuing company was listed as Investors Stock Fund, Inc. The name of the assignee was not provided. The form stated "ALL STOCK CERTIFICATES MUST BE ATTACHED". No stock certificates were attached.

Three more notes for a total of $200,000 secured by additional shares in the Investor's Stock Fund Account were given by defendant. The method for exchanging the notes for the loans did not change throughout the period. Kenneth S. Gfeller, an assistant to Discher, delivered checks to defendant and picked up documents prepared in connection with the loan. The notes and accompanying materials were always prepared by Breckenridge.

In May, 1974, defendant resigned his position with IDS, apparently after IDS auditors examined his personal books in his absence. Defendant never held more than 148 shares in his Investor's Stock Fund Account.

Count I of the indictment alleged that on or about the 11th day of February, 1974 and on divers other dates between that date and April 17, 1974, defendant did, with intent to defraud, obtain $850,000 from the Amway Corporation by use of false pretenses.

As to this count, defendant alleges three errors, two of which relate to representations occurring a year before the date of the crime specified in the indictment. Defendant first charges that the trial court erred by instructing the jury that it could consider representations which occurred more than one year before the date of the crime specified in the indictment.

February 11, 1974, the first date cited in the indictment, was the date on which outstanding promissory notes given for loans were consolidated into one note for $650,000. The testimony concerning occurrences prior to February, 1974, was essential to understand and explain the February, 1974 note.

Time is not of the essence of the offense of obtaining money by means of false pretenses. It is therefore perfectly proper to permit an amendment at trial changing the dates to that shown by the testimony. People v. Hoffmann, 142 Mich. 531, 105 N.W. 838 (1905). Similarly, in People v. Clum, 213 Mich. 651, 182 N.W. 136 (1921), the Court held, in a prosecution under the blue sky laws, that it was not error to permit an amendment of the information during trial to enlarge the time period during which the charged crime occurred. The holding was based on the fact that time was not of the essence of the offense.

In the present case, following the precedents in People v. Hoffmann,supra, and People v. Clum, supra, the court could have permitted the indictment to be amended. There was no amendment, but the omission does not constitute reversible error.

In People v. Winslow, 39 Mich. 505 (1878), defendant was convicted of conspiracy to defraud by false pretenses. The Court stated that it was not necessary, in a case of this sort, to set forth in the information the false pretenses by which the offense was accomplished; nor in the proof of them can the prosecution be restricted to the exact transaction as it took place between the complaining witness and the accused. 39 Mich. at 507. It reasonably follows that a prosecutor may introduce evidence of events occurring prior to the time of the charged crime specified in the indictment, particularly when, as in this case, the defendant does not allege prejudice and when the evidence of prior events is essential to an understanding of the crime charged.

Defendant, had he asked for one, would have been entitled to a continuance. See People v. Clum, supra. His failure to so ask leads us to presume he was not prejudiced by the failure of the prosecution to indicate at an earlier time that it was going to introduce evidence of events occurring prior to February, 1974.

The judge, wishing to portray for the jury the series of events leading up to the February 11 consolidation, instructed on "continuous misrepresentation", a doctrine defendant asserts is non-existent. The argument is more semantic than legal.

It cannot be denied that defendant, up until February 11, 1974, and for two months afterwards, continued to misrepresent his position. Even if there is no doctrine of continuous misrepresentation, it was harmless error, if error it was, to use the term. There was considerable evidence in this case of material misrepresentations over an extended period of time. Apart from those misrepresentations, there was sufficient evidence of defendant's misrepresentations during the time specified in the indictment to render any error harmless.

Defendant also contends that M.C.L.A. § 767.60; M.S.A. § 28.1000 prohibits in a trial for obtaining money by false pretenses consideration by the jury of representations which occurred more than one year before the date of the crime specified in the indictment.

The statute permits evidence of events occurring within a 6-month period following the time stated in the indictment to be admitted in a trial for obtaining money by false pretenses. There is no limitation in the statute on the admission of events occurring prior to the time stated in the indictment. No authority exists which supports the proposition that the statute prohibits the admission of such evidence. We must therefore reject defendant's contention.

Defendant's final claim of error under Count I is that the prosecution failed to establish the element of reliance requisite to the charged crime.

Failure to establish the element of reliance in a trial for obtaining money by false pretenses is reversible error. People v. Wilde, 42 Mich.App. 514, 202 N.W.2d 542 (1972). The record may not support a finding that Discher, the person with whom defendant dealt directly, relied upon defendant's misrepresentations. Kenneth Gfeller, however, was also an agent for Amway, the victim of the alleged crime. Gfeller testified that he reviewed the documents signed by defendant to be assured of their correctness.

The evidence of reliance in this case was sufficient, if believed by the trier of facts, to establish that element. Gfeller testified that he reviewed the documents; the documents declared that defendant owned a large amount of stock which was pledged as collateral for the various loans. The jury could reasonably have inferred that if Gfeller found the documents were not in order, no loan would have been made. The element of reliance was sufficiently established by the evidence.

Count II of the indictment alleged a violation of the Uniform Securities Act, M.C.L.A. §§ 451.501, 451.809; M.S.A. §§ 19.776(101), 19.776(409), that in connection with the offer, sale or purchase of securities, the defendant employed a device, scheme or artifice to defraud, make untrue statements of material facts, or engage in an act, practice or course of business which operated as a fraud or deceit upon Amway Corporation, and that he sold securities in the form of promissory notes secured by the pledge of 56,300 shares of stock as collateral.

The Uniform Securities Act makes unlawful various acts in connection with the offer, sale or purchase of any security.

The word "sale" is defined in the Uniform Sales...