People v. Carey
Decision Date | 07 July 1986 |
Citation | 227 Cal.Rptr. 813,183 Cal.App.3d 99 |
Court | California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals |
Parties | The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Leon Carnal CAREY, Defendant and Appellant. Crim. B017051. |
F. Elaine Easley, Los Angeles, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for defendant and appellant.
John K. Van de Kamp, Atty. Gen., Donald E. deNicola, Mark Alan Hart, Supervising Deputy Attys. Gen., for plaintiff and respondent.
*
In this case, we hold that the police may not "clarify" unambiguous and repeated refusals to say anything after a custodial suspect has been advised of and indicates that he understands his constitutional rights pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694.
Leon Carnal Carey was convicted in a court trial of a plethora of serious offenses which resulted in a determinate state prison sentence of 25 years 8 months. 1 He appeals, contending: "The trial court erred in denying appellant's motion to suppress his confession." The contention is meritorious and the judgment must be reversed. 2
Over 20 years ago, our United States Supreme Court, in the landmark decision of Miranda v. Arizona, supra, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694, said, (384 U.S. at pp. 473-474, 86 S.Ct. at pp. 1627-1628.) The court also indicated that where the person to be interrogated (384 U.S. at pp. 485-486, fn. 55, 86 S.Ct. at pp. 1633-1634, fn. 55.) This latter rule has spawned a growing body of California law permitting the police to "clarify" whether or not a suspect comprehends or waives his Miranda rights. (E.g., People v. Turnage (1975) 45 Cal.App.3d 201, 211, 119 Cal.Rptr. 237; People v. Maynarich (1978) 83 Cal.App.3d 476, 481, 147 Cal.Rptr. 823; In re Brian W. (1981) 125 Cal.App.3d 590, 598-600, 178 Cal.Rptr. 159; People v. Russo (1983) 148 Cal.App.3d 1172, 1177, 196 Cal.Rptr. 466; People v. Bestelmeyer (1985) 166 Cal.App.3d 520, 526-528, 212 Cal.Rptr. 605.) This principle is perhaps best phrased as follows: (People v. Turnage, supra, 45 Cal.App.3d at p. 211, 119 Cal.Rptr. 237, emphasis in original.)
The "clarification rule," however, requires ambiguity as a precedent which is not here present. 3 In the instant case, within minutes of the commission of the offense, appellant was taken into custody and advised by Detective Neil Sharpe of the Santa Barbara Police Department that he was under arrest for robbery. Detective Sharpe detailed the specifics of the robbery, told appellant that he wanted to hear his explanation, and advised him of the salient rights pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona, supra. When asked whether he understood each of his rights, appellant said, "Yes." The following then transpired:
Without any express waiver of his Miranda rights, Detective Sharpe commenced his substantive interrogation which culminated in appellant virtually confessing to all of the charged offenses. 4
Although the trial court expressly determined to the contrary on the basis of the "clarification" rule, it seems difficult, if not impossible, to square appellant's emphatic unwillingness to say anything with other than an invocation of the right to remain silent. (People v. Duren (1973) 9 Cal.3d 218, 238, 107 Cal.Rptr. 157, 507 P.2d 1365.) In this case, the trial court's ruling was erroneous as a matter of law; and were we to sanction the police procedures here challenged, the "clarification" exception would swallow the Miranda rule.
We do not disparage appellant for his economy of words or lack of eloquence. Although he was no stranger to the justice system, appellant was not chargeable with the duty of uttering the talismanic incantation: "I hereby invoke my constitutional rights pursuant to the United States Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona." There is no such requirement and pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona, and its progeny (e.g., People v. Hayes (1985) 38 Cal.3d 780, 784, 214 Cal.Rptr. 652, 699 P.2d 1259), it is well settled the " '... desire to halt the interrogation may be indicated in a variety of ways....' " (Ibid.) As aptly phrased by Presiding Justice Lillie, "[i]s there more defendant must say to invoke his privilege to remain silent than 'No' when asked to explain or clarify or continue the conversation?" (People v. Marshall (1974) 41 Cal.App.3d 129, 134, 115 Cal.Rptr. 82.) We similarly ask, how many times must a defendant exclaim, "I ain't got nothin' to say" to invoke his privilege to remain silent?
Here, appellant's quadruple invocation of the right to remain silent was consistent with the "in any manner" test promulgated by the United States and California Supreme Courts. Phrased otherwise, "[a]ny words or conduct which 'reasonably appears inconsistent with a present willingness on the part of the suspect to discuss his case freely and completely with police at that time [fn. omitted]' [citation] must be held to amount to an invocation of the Fifth Amendment privilege." (People v. Burton (1971) 6 Cal.3d 375, 382, 99 Cal.Rptr. 1, 491 P.2d 793; emphasis in original; see also, e.g., People v. Russo, supra, 148 Cal.App.3d 1172, 1176, 196 Cal.Rptr. 466.) Questioning should have ceased when appellant said, "I ain't got nothin' to say ..." the first time. A fourfold repetition not only reasonably appears inconsistent with a present willingness on the part of appellant to discuss his case freely and completely with Detective Sharpe at that time, it is only inconsistent therewith. 5
These constitutional principles have the United States Supreme Court's imprimatur in Smith v. Illinois (1984) 469 U.S. 91, ----, 105 S.Ct. 490, 494, 83 L.Ed.2d 488, 495, where, in the context of whether there was an invocation of the right to counsel, vel non, the court indicated: (Emphasis added.) This holding is apposite to an invocation of the Fifth Amendment privilege and renders appellant's subsequent willingness to answer specific questions irrelevant on the issue of invocation. "[A]n accused's subsequent statements are relevant only to the question whether the accused waived the right he had invoked...." (Ibid.) (Id., 469 U.S. at p. ----, 105 S.Ct. at p. 495, 83 L.Ed.2d at p. 496.) This is exactly what Detective Sharpe did and is exactly what the police are not permitted to do.
The judgment is reversed.
* Assigned by the Chairperson of the Judicial Council.
1 Appellant was, in essence, a one man crime wave in Santa Barbara between February and April of 1985. The crimes for which he was convicted are as follows: count I, attempted burglary of a residence; count II, receiving stolen property; count III, burglary of a residence; count IV,...
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