People v. Clayton

• Decision Date: 02 July 1998
• Docket Number: No. B111463,B111463
• Citation: 76 Cal.Rptr.2d 536,65 Cal. App. 4th 418
• Parties: , 98 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 5325, 98 Daily Journal D.A.R. 7423 The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Lanier Deshon CLAYTON, Defendant and Appellant.
• Court: California Court of Appeals

Page 536

76 Cal.Rptr.2d 536

65 Cal.App.4th 418, 98 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 5325,

98 Daily Journal D.A.R. 7423

The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v.Lanier Deshon CLAYTON, Defendant and Appellant.

No. B111463.

Court of Appeal, Second District, Division 1, California.

July 2, 1998.

Certified for Partial Publication. ^*

Review Denied Sept. 30, 1998.

[65 Cal.App.4th 420] Richard D. Miggins, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, Los Angeles, for Defendant and Appellant.

Daniel E. Lungren, Attorney General, George Williamson, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Carol Wendelin Pollack, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Marc Turchin, Supervising Deputy Attorney General, and Lori M. Gong, Deputy Attorney General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

MIRIAM A. VOGEL, Associate Justice.

Lanier Deshon Clayton was hired by Richard August to murder Richard's wife, Kathleen.With a key provided by Richard, Clayton gained entry into the house where Richard and Kathleen lived with their children.Clayton attacked Kathleen.Kathleen fought back and Clayton ran off.He was arrested nearby and ultimately convicted of conspiracy to commit murder, attempted murder and burglary, enhanced by a deadly weapon allegation.In the published portion of this opinion, we reject Clayton's contention that his burglary conviction must be reversed because he entered the residence with Richard's consent.In the unpublished portion of this opinion, we reject Clayton's other claims of error.We affirm the judgment of conviction in its entirety.

FACTS^**

DISCUSSION

I.-III.**

IV.

Clayton contends his burglary conviction cannot stand because he entered the house with Richard's consent (Richard gave Clayton a key to the house so that Clayton could enter to murder Kathleen).We disagree.

Historically, any entry into a structure enumerated in Penal Code section 459 with the intent to commit a felony constituted a burglary without regard to the circumstances of the entry.²(People v. Salemme(1992)2 Cal.App.4th 775, 779, 3 Cal.Rptr.2d 398.)In People v. Gauze(1975)15 Cal.3d 709, 125 Cal.Rptr. 773, 542 P.2d 1365, the Supreme Court revisited this issue in the context of a defendant charged with burglarizing his own apartment (he entered intending to assault his roommate), explained that section 459 is "designed to protect a possessory right in property, rather than broadly to preserve any place from all crime"(People v. Gauze, supra, 15 Cal.3d at p. 713, 125 Cal.Rptr. 773, 542 P.2d 1365), and held that when the defendant has an absolute right of entry into the apartment he is charged with burglarizing, he cannot be guilty of burglary.³As the Supreme Court put it: "In contrast to the usual burglary situation, no danger arises from the mere entry of a person into his own home, no matter what his intent is.He may cause a great deal of mischief once inside.But no emotional distress is suffered, no panic is engendered, and no violence necessarily erupts merely because he walks into his house.To impose sanctions for burglary would in effect punish him twice for the crime he committed while in the house.In such circumstances it serves no purpose to apply section 459."(People v. Gauze, supra, 15 Cal.3d at pp. 715-716, 125 Cal.Rptr. 773, 542 P.2d 1365, italics added.)

Unlike the defendant in Gauze, Clayton was not convicted of burglarizing his own home.Richard, not Clayton, shared possession of the house with Kathleen, and the question is whether Richard's consent to enter precludes a burglary conviction based upon Clayton's entry with the intent to murder Kathleen.Although we have been unable to find any case directly on point, it is clear that independent of the consequences of the intended felony, there is a danger of violence when one person in possession of the premises consents to a third person's entry for the purpose of injuring a person with joint possession of the premises.As the Supreme Court emphasized in Gauze, burglary laws are " 'based primarily upon a recognition of the dangers to personal safety created by the usual burglary situation--the danger that the intruder will harm the occupants in attempting to perpetrate the intended crime or to escape and the danger that the occupants will in anger or panic react violently to the invasion, thereby inviting more violence.The laws are primarily designed, then, not to deter the trespass and the intended crime, which are prohibited by other laws, so much as to forestall the germination of a situation dangerous to personal safety.'Section 459, in short, is aimed at the danger caused by the unauthorized entry itself."(People v. Gauze, supra, 15 Cal.3d at p. 715, 125 Cal.Rptr. 773, 542 P.2d 1365, quotingPeople v. Lewis(1969)274 Cal.App.2d 912, 920, 79 Cal.Rptr. 650;People v. Nguyen(1995)40 Cal.App.4th 28, 32, 46 Cal.Rptr.2d 840.)⁴

The case Clayton relies on to support his position is factually inapposite.In People v. Superior Court(Granillo)(1988)205 Cal.App.3d 1478, 253 Cal.Rptr. 316, the police hired Cantu as an undercover officer, installed him in an apartment, and let it be known that he was available to purchase stolen property at that location.As intended, Granillo heard that Cantu wanted to buy stolen property, telephoned Cantu to say he had some personal property to sell, and asked if Cantu was interested.At Cantu's request, Granillo brought some things to the apartment, entered, told Cantu they were stolen goods, and offered to sell them to Cantu.The deal was completed and Granillo was ultimately arrested and charged with burglary.Granillo's motion to dismiss was granted and the People filed a petition for a writ of mandate.(Id. at pp. 1480-1481, 253 Cal.Rptr. 316.)The Fifth District denied the petition, holding that consent to enter is vitiated by the defendant's felonious intent only when the "occupant who gives a consent to entry is either unaware of the visitor's felonious intent ... or, if aware of the felonious intent, the occupant does not endorse it...."(Id. at p. 1484, 253 Cal.Rptr. 316.)Since there was something more than uninformed consent in Granillo--because Cantu was fully aware of Granillo's intent to sell stolen property and Granillo, in turn, "knew Cantu was aware of the felonious purpose and was indeed interested in buying stolen property"--there was a consensual entry and, therefore, no burglary.(Id. at p. 1485, 253 Cal.Rptr. 316.)In Granillo, the apartment was possessed by only one person (Cantu, the person who gave consent to enter) and both actors--Cantu and Granillo--knew about Granillo's felonious intent.In Granillo, Cantu's entry did not create an independent danger of violence.In our case, the house was possessed by two people(Richard and Kathleen), and only Richard (the person who gave consent to enter) knew about Clayton's felonious intent to murder Kathleen, who did not consent to the entry.

Gauze, Granillo and the other caseswe have found are factually distinguishable from the case now before us--where one of two persons with a joint right to possession of the same premises (Richard) has given consent to a third person (Clayton) to enter the premises to commit a felony upon the other person with the joint right to possession (Kathleen).(E.g., People v. Barry(1892)94 Cal. 481, 483, 29 P. 1026[a defendant who enters a store with the intent to steal enters without invitation because the implied invitation is to enter for legal purposes only];People v. Descheneau(1921)51 Cal.App. 437, 197 P. 126[a defendant who hid in a trunk to gain entry to a storage vault was properly convicted of burglary notwithstanding that the vault's proprietor knew of the plan, because the proprietor did not endorse the plan];People v. Thomas(1977)74 Cal.App.3d 320, 323, 141 Cal.Rptr. 340[an entry into a shop for the purpose of carrying out the owner's instructions to take away merchandise is not a burglary];People v. Nunley(1985)168 Cal.App.3d 225, 231-232, 214 Cal.Rptr. 82[a defendant who gained entry to the common area of an apartment building with the intent to break into an apartment was properly convicted of burglary notwithstanding that the common area was open to the public, because he did not have an unconditional possessory right to enter the area owned by the landlord];People v. Salemme, supra, 2...