People v. Cortez, Cr. F003567
| Citation | 166 Cal.App.3d 994,212 Cal.Rptr. 692 |
| Decision Date | 15 April 1985 |
| Docket Number | Cr. F003567 |
| Court | California Court of Appeals |
| Parties | The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Jose Modesto CORTEZ, Defendant and Appellant. |
GEO. A. BROWN, Presiding Justice.
Appellant, Jose Modesto Cortez, appeals from a judgment entered upon a jury verdict finding him guilty of possession of heroin (HEALTH & SAF.CODE, § 11350)1, transportation of heroin ( § 11352), and being under the influence of heroin, a misdemeanor ( § 11550). He was sentenced to the four-year midterm on the transportation count, and imposition of sentence on the possession count was stayed pursuant to Penal Code section 654. A one-year concurrent term in the county jail was imposed for being under the influence of heroin.
Appellant's complaints deal with the transportation count.
On October 7, 1983, Merced Police Officer Richard Rentfrow heard the sound of an automobile accident. Officer Rentfrow quickly responded to the scene of the accident, about one block away, and shortly thereafter was joined by Officer Ray Zarate.
Upon arrival, Rentfrow observed that the driver of one vehicle, a blue Plymouth, had already left the scene of the accident on foot. The passenger in the right front seat of the Plymouth (appellant) was just emerging from the car when Rentfrow arrived. Appellant began to walk away from the car, and Rentfrow called for him to stop. Appellant turned and faced Officer Rentfrow and then took four or five steps to the side while maintaining eye contact with Rentfrow. Appellant then stopped by some shrubbery, put his right hand inside the waistband of his pants, pulled out an object, and threw it into the bushes. Rentfrow retrieved a metal vial from the bushes, and later it was found to contain 1.05 grams of heroin. Appellant appeared to be under the influence of heroin. Later tests confirmed this observation.
Appellant argues that section 11352 (transportation of heroin) should not prohibit the transportation of small amounts of heroin for personal use. As appellant acknowledges, our Supreme Court in People v. Rogers (1971) 5 Cal.3d 129, 95 Cal.Rptr. 601, 486 P.2d 129 has spoken to this issue and held contrary to appellant's contention. The court in Rogers stated:
We are bound by that decision. (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 20 Cal.Rptr. 321, 369 P.2d 937.) Any change must be made by the Supreme Court.
Next appellant urges that the court had a sua sponte duty to instruct the jury on the meaning of "transports" as used in section 11352. We disagree.
Although the trial court has a duty to instruct sua sponte as to those principles of law openly and closely associated with the case, it has no duty, absent a request, to define words and phrases when the terms used in the instruction given do not have a technical meaning peculiar to the law but are commonly understood by those familiar with the English language. (People v. Kimbrel (1981) 120 Cal.App.3d 869, 872, 174 Cal.Rptr. 816.) In Kimbrel, the court held "great bodily injury" did not require definition. Similarly, in People v. Anderson (1966) 64 Cal.2d 633, 639-640, 51 Cal.Rptr. 238, 414 P.2d 366, it was held that "force" and "fear" as used in the definition of the offense of robbery do not have technical meanings. (See Witkin, Cal.Criminal Procedure (1963) § 481, p. 487.) Likewise, in People v. Bill (1934) 140 Cal.App. 389, 397, 35 P.2d 645, the court held that "possession" did not have to be defined because it was "well understood by all persons of average intelligence."
In People v. Kilborn (1970) 7 Cal.App.3d 998, 87 Cal.Rptr. 189, a case involving a conviction for violation of section 11912 (), the court stated, "[t]o transport means to carry or convey from one place to another" (id., at p. 1002, 87 Cal.Rptr. 189), and "[t]he crux of the crime of transporting is movement of the contraband from one place to another." (Id., at p. 1003, 87 Cal.Rptr. 189; see also, People v. One 1941 Cadillac Club Coupe (1944) 63 Cal.App.2d 418, 421, 147 P.2d 49.) An identical definition is found in Black's Law Dictionary (4th ed.) at page 1344. Similarly, the American Heritage Dictionary (1969 ed.), at page 1365, defines the word "transport" simply as "to convey from one place to another; convey." As so defined, it is manifest that the word "transport" has no technical meaning but is used in the sense as it is commonly understood.
We conclude that the term "transports" is a term commonly understood by jurors and that the word has not acquired a technical legal definition which would require the trial court to instruct the jury sua sponte as to its meaning.
The third argument appellant makes is that "it constitutes a violation of equal protection to punish him (and countless others) by four years in State Prison for possession of heroin for personal use, simply because his possession was not 'stationary,' while punishing others who possess heroin for personal use by, at most, three year sentences." 2 Specifically, appellant argues that because one who possesses heroin for personal use, but is not in motion when arrested, may only be sent to prison for sixteen months, two years or three years ( § 11350; Pen.Code, § 18), while one who transports heroin, even a small amount intended for personal use, can receive a punishment of three, four or five years, the statutory scheme represents a discriminatory classification against similarly situated individuals and should be struck down as violating his equal protection rights. Appellant also points to the disparity between the punishment for possession for sale (two, three or four years) and the punishment for transporting heroin, even for personal use (three, four or five years), as evidence of the discriminatory classification.
The contention of denial of equal protection must fail at the threshold. (People v. Macias (1982) 137 Cal.App.3d 465, 472-473, 187 Cal.Rptr. 100.)
When presented with the issue, the California courts have uniformly held that persons convicted of different crimes are not similarly situated for equal protection purposes. (People v. Macias, supra, 137 Cal.App.3d 465, 472-473, 187 Cal.Rptr. 100; People v. Gayther (1980) 110 Cal.App.3d 79, 91, 167 Cal.Rptr. 700; Smith v. Municipal Court (1978) 78 Cal.App.3d 592, 601-602, 144 Cal.Rptr. 504.)
Appellant argues that persons who commit different crimes can be similarly situated, citing Skinner v. Oklahoma (1942) 316 U.S. 535, 62 S.Ct. 1110, 86 L.Ed. 1655; People v. Terflinger (1978) 77 Cal.App.3d 302, 143 Cal.Rptr. 501.
However, even assuming arguendo that persons convicted of different crimes under some circumstances can be similarly situated for equal protection purposes, we are of the opinion persons convicted of possessing heroin for personal use and persons convicted of transporting heroin are not similarly situated. (In re Gary W. (1971) 5 Cal.3d 296, 303, 96 Cal.Rptr. 1, 486 P.2d 1201, quoting Purdy & Fitzpatrick v. State of California (1969) 71 Cal.2d 566, 578, 79 Cal.Rptr. 77, 456 P.2d 645; emphasis added.) Thus, the requirement that persons be "similarly situated" is in reference to the purpose of the law under scrutiny.
Here, although both statutes share the general purpose of deterring the presence of heroin in our society, the specific purpose of section 11350 appears to be directed at deterring the individual who personally possesses and uses heroin. The pertinent part of section 11352, on the other hand, appears to be directed at attempting to prevent or deter the movement of drugs from one location to another, thereby inhibiting trafficking in narcotics and their proliferation in our society. (People v. Holquin (1964) 229 Cal.App.2d 398, 402, 40 Cal.Rptr. 364.) Anything that is related to trafficking is more serious than possessing. (People v. Cina (1974) 41 Cal.App.3d 136, 140, 115 Cal.Rptr. 758.)
In People v. Rogers, supra, 5 Cal.3d 129, 95 Cal.Rptr. 601, 486 P.2d 129, the Supreme Court emphasized the purpose of the transportation prohibition and the greater seriousness of that offense.
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