People v. Crane

• Citation: 196 Ill.App.3d 264,554 N.E.2d 1117,144 Ill.Dec. 78
• Decision Date: 21 March 1990
• Docket Number: No. 2-87-0957,2-87-0957
• Parties: , 144 Ill.Dec. 78 The PEOPLE of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. David CRANE, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: United States Appellate Court of Illinois

Page 1117

554 N.E.2d 1117

196 Ill.App.3d 264, 144 Ill.Dec. 78

The PEOPLE of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. David CRANE, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 2-87-0957.

Appellate Court of Illinois Second District.

March 21, 1990.

Modified on Denial of Rehearing May 11, 1990.

G. Joseph Weller, Deputy Defender, Patrick M. Carmody (argued), Office of the State Appellate Defender, Elgin, for defendant-appellant.

Paul A. Logli, Winnebago County State's Atty., Rockford, William L. Browers, Deputy Director, Elgin, Lawrence M. Bauer (argued), State's Attys. Appellate Prosecutor, Elgin, for the People.

Justice GEIGER delivered the opinion of the court:

The defendant, David Allen Crane, appeals from his two jury trial convictions of murder. (Ill.Rev.Stat.1987, ch. 38, par. 9-1). He challenges the court's refusal to suppress his statements, the jury instructions, and the adequacy of his representation by counsel. Although we reverse based upon an error in jury instructions, we address the suppression issue, as it is relevant to the defendant's possible retrial.

On January 7, 1987, Detectives Roger Costello and Larry Schultz traveled to and interviewed the defendant, who was being held on a traffic charge. During that interview, the defendant related the following. The victim, Robert Gahan, gave the hitchhiking defendant a ride and offered to smoke marijuana with him. After the two parked and smoked the marijuana, a struggle ensued between them. The victim fell to the ground after the defendant struck him repeatedly with numchucks.

The defendant further related that he then drove the victim's car to visit a friend, Brian Carlson, thinking that the victim was dead. After telling his story to Carlson, and at Carlson's suggestion, the defendant drove back to the body with plans to destroy the evidence by burning the body. The defendant poured gasoline on the body and ignited it. Several days later the defendant first heard that the victim had been alive when he was set on fire. Upon hearing that news, the defendant said he "just freaked out and started to cry."

The defendant's first argument on appeal is that the trial court erroneously declined to suppress his statement to the detectives. The following additional evidence from the suppression hearing is relevant to this first issue on appeal.

Detectives Costello and Schultz testified that at approximately 8:30 a.m. they began interviewing the defendant. They had no written waiver form; Detective Costello read the defendant his Miranda rights from a waiver card. Costello paused after each individual warning to ask the defendant if he understood. The defendant did not respond to any of the five individual warnings.

Further, according to the officers, after the defendant was read all the warnings, Costello asked if he understood all the warnings just read to him. After a short silence, the defendant nodded affirmatively. Thereafter, Costello asked if the defendant wished to talk with the detectives; he nodded. Detective Schultz informed the defendant that he had been the subject of an extensive investigation and explained that the officers wanted to obtain the defendant's version of the events. The defendant stared and gave no other response. Detective Schultz then showed the defendant a photograph of the victim's charred body. The defendant shoved the picture aside and stated that he had not murdered anyone. Detective Schultz related some of the information they had about the event to the defendant. The defendant asked to read some of the written statements the officers had collected. Although the officers showed the defendant the length of the statements and the signatures on the statements, they would not allow him to read them.

The officers' version of the defendant's interview concluded as follows: After 5-to-10 minutes of silence from the defendant, Detective Costello told him that, if he were not going to talk to the officers, he could say so and save them all time. The defendant looked down approximately 30 seconds, said that he had been unable to sleep "ever since this happened," then gave the statement at issue. Only after the defendant had given his statement and the officers inquired about taking a written statement did the defendant request a lawyer.

According to the defendant's testimony at the suppression hearing, while Detective Costello was reading his rights to him, Detective Schultz pulled out a photograph of the victim's charred body and held it in front of the defendant's face, saying "you burned him alive, you murdered him." The defendant was horrified and shocked; he stated that he had not murdered anyone and that he wanted a lawyer. Detective Schultz then pulled out some written statements and stated that "Carlson and Walters said you did." According to the defendant, he refused to talk to the officers and sat silently for at least half an hour; during that time the officers related what they had learned in their investigation.

The defendant estimated that about an hour after the interview began he began shaking. Thereafter he began speaking with the officers because he was intimidated by Detective Schultz. He renewed his request for a lawyer when the officers asked him to make a written statement, hoping to stop the interrogation. The defendant denied that he nodded his head to show that he understood the Miranda warnings. According to the defendant, he understood that he had the right to demand an attorney, but he was unsure he would be provided one.

On appeal, the defendant argues that the court should have ordered suppression of his statement. The defendant first challenges the believability of the officers' testimony, particularly that the defendant nodded, acknowledging understanding of his rights. The defendant emphasizes that the officers brought no written waiver form to the interview and that he was silent throughout the initial reading of his Miranda rights. The defendant also maintains that his silence corroborates his assertion that he repeatedly told authorities that he had nothing to say and that he wished to be left alone. The defendant claims that by showing him the photograph he was subjected to "psychological interrogation specifically designed to overcome [his] silence." Secondly, the defendant urges that by his period of complete silence he was invoking his right to remain silent which the officers improperly failed to honor.

To determine whether a statement was voluntary, a court must look to the totality of the relevant circumstances. (People v. Cortez (1986), 143 Ill.App.3d 1024, 98 Ill.Dec. 242, 494 N.E.2d 169.) Where the trial court held an evidentiary hearing on a suppression matter, we will not disturb the court's finding unless it is manifestly erroneous. See People v. Davis (1986), 142 Ill.App.3d 630, 96 Ill.Dec. 825, 491 N.E.2d 1285.

We find no reason to disturb the trial court's finding that the defendant's statement was voluntary. There is nothing inherently unbelievable in the officers' version of the relevant events. Here, there is no dispute that the questioning was at a reasonable hour, in a basically neutral setting, of moderate length, and free of physical abuse and promises from the police. (See Cortez, 143 Ill.App.3d at 1026, 98 Ill.Dec. 242, 494 N.E.2d 169.) According to the police, the defendant was read his Miranda rights and nodded his understanding shortly before he began his statement. (See People v. Brown (1986), 146 Ill.App.3d 101, 99 Ill.Dec. 928, 496 N.E.2d 1020.) Furthermore, the officers could properly show the defendant evidentiary photographs without acting coercively. (See People v. Gorham (1978), 66 Ill.App.3d 320, 23 Ill.Dec. 370, 384 N.E.2d 6.) The trial court judge, who observed the witnesses, could properly choose to rely upon the officers' testimony.

Based upon the State's evidence, the trial court could properly find, in this case, that the defendant neither cut off questioning nor interrupted questioning to request an attorney. (Cf. Michigan v. Mosley (1975), 423 U.S. 96, 96 S.Ct. 321, 46 L.Ed.2d 313.) It could further find that despite the officers' invitation to end questioning if the defendant would not speak, the defendant chose voluntarily to make his statement. The trial court's decision on suppression was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

The defendant's next argument on appeal is that he was denied a fair trial by the court's refusal to instruct the jury on mistake of fact. The refused instruction was as follows: "A person's mistake as to a matter of fact is a defense if it negates the existence of the mental state which is an element of the offense charged."

The defendant was charged with two counts of murder in that he, without legal justification, "beat and burned" and thereby caused the death of the victim. Count I charged that the defendant acted "with intent to kill or do great bodily harm" (see Ill.Rev.Stat.1987, ch. 38, par. 9-1(a)(1)); count II charged that the defendant acted "knowing [his] acts created a strong probability of death or great bodily harm" (see Ill.Rev.Stat.1987, ch. 38, par. 9-1(a)(2)).

The defendant asserts that each charge actually refers to two independent acts: a beating and a burning separated by time. According to the defendant, to each independent act he presented a defense. Regarding the beating, the defendant maintained that based on the victim's attack, the defendant's action was taken in self-defense. Regarding the burning, the defendant maintained that he was not guilty of murder because when he took the relevant actions, he believed, perhaps erroneously, that the victim was already dead.

The jury was instructed on self-defense. However, the court refused the defendant's mistake-of-fact instruction. On appeal, the defendant argues that the court's failure to instruct on mistake of fact was reversible error. In his argument, the defendant relies upon People v. Ellison (1984), 126 Ill.App.3d...