People v. Ford

• Decision Date: 24 October 1995
• Citation: 86 N.Y.2d 397,633 N.Y.S.2d 270,657 N.E.2d 265
• Parties: , 657 N.E.2d 265 The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Rudolph FORD, Appellant.
• Court: New York Court of Appeals Court of Appeals

Page 270

633 N.Y.S.2d 270

86 N.Y.2d 397, 657 N.E.2d 265

The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Rudolph FORD, Appellant.

Court of Appeals of New York.

Oct. 24, 1995.

[86 N.Y.2d 399] [657 N.E.2d 266] Beldock Levine & Hoffman, New York City (Melvin L. Wulf, Peter A. Perlman and Karen Dippold, of counsel), David Scheinfeld, Noah Simeon Scheinfeld and Robert Cini, for appellant.

Charles J. Hynes, District Attorney of Kings County, Brooklyn (Seth M. Lieberman, Roseann B. MacKechnie and Richard T. Faughnan, of counsel), for respondent.

[86 N.Y.2d 400] Jonathan E. Gradess and Stacy Wolf, Albany, for New York State Defenders Association, amicus curiae.

[86 N.Y.2d 401] Lucas Guttentag, Judy Rabinovitz and Arthur Eisenberg, New York City, for American Civil Liberties Union and others, amici curiae.

Stern & Elkind, Denver (Kenneth H. Stern of the Colorado Bar, admitted pro hac vice, of counsel), Claudia Slovinsky, New York City, and Lory Rosenberg, Washington DC, of the District of Columbia Bar, admitted pro hac vice, for American Immigration Lawyers Association and others, amici curiae.

OPINION OF THE COURT

SIMONS, Judge.

This appeal raises the question whether Trial Judges or defense counsel are under a duty to warn defendants of the possible deportation consequences before entering a guilty plea. We conclude that there is no such duty, and we therefore affirm.

I

On September 28, 1990, 19-year-old defendant Rudolph Ford was showing a gun to his girlfriend, Alicia Byron. Believing he had removed the bullets, defendant put the gun to her head and pulled the trigger. The gun discharged, and Byron was killed instantly. Defendant was indicted for manslaughter in the second degree (Penal Law § 125.15[1], criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree (Penal Law § 265.03), and criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree (Penal Law § 265.02[4]. With the advice of counsel, defendant pleaded guilty to manslaughter in the second degree in full satisfaction of the indictment and was sentenced to two to six years in prison. After serving the minimum sentence, he was paroled.

Defendant is a documented legal alien from Jamaica and, following his release, the Immigration and Nationalization Service instituted proceedings for his deportation based upon his conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude (see, 8 U.S.C. § 1251[a][2][A][i] ).

Consequently, defendant moved in the Supreme Court for an order changing the manslaughter judgment to a judgment convicting him of criminally negligent homicide. The court granted the motion to the extent of vacating his plea and directing a new trial. It held that "where the facts surrounding the episode to which defendant pleads would not suggest to a reasonable person that the plea involves an admission of grossly immoral activity then, in those rare cases, the defendant should be told that even though what he describes to the court does not involve moral turpitude, he may nevertheless be deported, if he pleads guilty." (157 Misc.2d 668, 671, 597 N.Y.S.2d 882.) The Appellate Division, construing defendant's motion as one to vacate the plea pursuant to CPL 440.10, reversed Supreme Court's order and reinstated the judgment of conviction. It held that under the doctrine of collateral consequences the court was not obligated to warn defendant of possible deportation before accepting his plea and that the failure of counsel to advise his client of that possibility before permitting him to plead did not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel (see, People v. Ford, 205 A.D.2d 798, 613 N.Y.S.2d 688).

II

A trial court has the constitutional duty to ensure that a defendant, before pleading guilty, has a full understanding of what the plea connotes and its consequences (People v. Harris, 61 N.Y.2d 9, 19, 471 N.Y.S.2d 61, 459 N.E.2d 170; Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 244, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 1712, 23 L.Ed.2d 274). The court is not required to engage in any particular litany when allocuting the defendant, but due process requires that the record must be clear that "the plea represents a voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternative courses of action open to the defendant" (North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 31, 91 S.Ct. 160, 164, 27 L.Ed.2d 162, citing Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 23 L.Ed.2d 274, supra; see also, People v. Moissett, 76 N.Y.2d 909, 910-911, 563 N.Y.S.2d 43, 564 N.E.2d 653). Manifestly, a criminal court is in no position to advise on all the ramifications of a guilty plea personal to a defendant. Accordingly, the courts have drawn a distinction between consequences of which the defendant must be advised, those which are "direct", and those of which the defendant need not be advised, "collateral consequences" (Fruchtman v. Kenton, 531 F.2d 946, 948 (9th Cir.1976), cert. denied 429 U.S. 895, 97 S.Ct. 256, 50 L.Ed.2d 178 and see, Michel v. United States, 507 F.2d 461, 466 (2d Cir.1974)). A direct consequence is one which has a definite, immediate and largely automatic effect on defendant's punishment (Cuthrell v. Director, Patuxent Inst., 475 F.2d 1364 (4th Cir.1973), cert. denied 414 U.S. 1005, 94 S.Ct. 362, 38 L.Ed.2d 241). Illustrations of collateral consequences are loss of the right to vote or travel abroad (Meaton v. United States, 328 F.2d 379 (5th Cir.1964)), loss of civil service employment (United States v. Crowley, 529 F.2d 1066 (3d Cir.1976), cert. denied 425 U.S. 995, 96 S.Ct. 2209, 48 L.Ed.2d 820), loss of a driver's license (Moore v. Hinton, 513 F.2d 781 (5th Cir.1975)), loss of the right to possess firearms (Penal Law § 400.00[1][b] or an undesirable discharge from the Armed Services (Redwine v. Zuckert, 317 F.2d 336 (D.C.Cir.1963)). The failure to warn of such collateral consequences will not warrant vacating a plea because they are peculiar to the individual and generally result from the actions taken by agencies the court does not control (see, United States v. Sambro, 454 F.2d 918, 922 (D.C.Cir.1971); Sanchez v. United States, 572 F.2d 210, 211 (9th Cir.1977)).

Deportation is a collateral consequence of conviction because it is a result peculiar to the individual's personal circumstances and one not within the control of the court system. Therefore, our Appellate Division and the Federal courts have consistently held that the trial court need not, before accepting a plea of guilty, advise a defendant of the possibility of deportation (see, People v. Boodhoo, 191 A.D.2d 448, 593 N.Y.S.2d 882; People v. Williams, 189 A.D.2d 910, 592 N.Y.S.2d 471, lv. denied 81 N.Y.2d 978, 598 N.Y.S.2d 780, 615 N.E.2d 237; Fruchtman v. Kenton, supra; Cuthrell v. Director, Patuxent Inst., supra; United States v. Parrino, 212 F.2d 919, 921 (2d Cir.1954), cert. denied 348 U.S. 840, 75 S.Ct. 46, 99 L.Ed. 663). We adopt that rule and conclude that in this case the court properly allocuted defendant before taking his plea of guilty to manslaughter in the second degree. ^*

III

Nor did the failure of counsel to warn defendant of the possibility of deportation constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.

The right to effective assistance of counsel is guaranteed by the Federal and State Constitutions (U.S. Const. 6th Amend.; N.Y. Const., art. I, § 6). The standard for measuring the performance of counsel under the New York Constitution has been stated as follows:

"So long as the evidence, the law, and the circumstances of a particular case, viewed in totality and as of the time of the representation, reveal that the attorney provided meaningful representation, the constitutional requirement will have been met" (People v. Baldi, 54 N.Y.2d 137, 147, 444 N.Y.S.2d 893, 429 N.E.2d 400 [emphasis added].

The phrase "meaningful representation" does not mean "perfect representation" (People v. Modica, 64 N.Y.2d 828, 829, 486 N.Y.S.2d 931, 476 N.E.2d 330). In the context of a guilty plea, a defendant has been afforded meaningful representation when he or she receives an advantageous plea and nothing in the record casts doubt on the apparent effectiveness of counsel (People v. Boodhoo, 191 A.D.2d 448, 449, 593 N.Y.S.2d 882, supra; People v. Mayes, 133 A.D.2d 905, 906, 520 N.Y.S.2d 276).

In the present case, defendant was indicted for manslaughter in the second degree, criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree and criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree. Each of these charges...