People v. Girard, Docket No. 77-106

• Decision Date: 03 April 1980
• Docket Number: Docket No. 77-106
• Citation: 96 Mich.App. 594,293 N.W.2d 639
• Parties: PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. David Philip GIRARD, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Michigan — District of US

Page 639

293 N.W.2d 639

96 Mich.App. 594

PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. David Philip GIRARD, Defendant-Appellant.

Docket No. 77-106.

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

April 3, 1980.

Released for Publication July 11, 1980.

James R. Neuhard, State App. Defender, Chari K. Grove, Asst. State App. Defender, Detroit, for defendant-appellant.

Frank J. Kelley, Atty. Gen., Robert A. Derengoski, Sol. Gen., William L. Cahalan, Pros. Atty., E. Reilly Wilson, App. Chief Pros. Atty., Don W. Atkins, Asst. Pros. Atty., for plaintiff-appellee.

Before BRONSON, P. J., and RILEY and QUINNELL, ^* JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Defendant was convicted after a jury trial of second-degree murder, M.C.L. § 750.317; M.S.A. § 28.549, in the stabbing death of Lloyd Adams. He was sentenced to a prison term of from 40 to 60 years and now appeals by right.

Defendant did not deny the killing, but relied at trial on an insanity defense. The principal issue on appeal is whether the trial court erred in its insanity instructions. The instructions given appear to have been drawn from the common law of Michigan, despite the fact that effective prior to the instant case the Legislature had undertaken to codify the Michigan law on insanity in a manner at least facially distinguishable from the common law. ¹ We must determine whether the differences between the old and new standards for measuring criminal responsibility are significant enough to warrant reversal in the instant case.

When defendant has expressed the intention of raising an insanity defense, the trial court is required to instruct the jury on the definition of legal insanity before any testimony is presented on that issue. M.C.L. § 768.29a(1); M.S.A. § 28.1052(1)(1), People v. Mikulin, 84 Mich.App. 705, 270 N.W.2d 500 (1978). ² The statute defining legal insanity states:

"A person is legally insane if, as a result of mental illness as defined in section 400a of Act No. 258 of the Public Acts of 1974, being section 330.1400a of the Michigan Compiled Laws, or as a result of mental retardation as defined in section 500(g) of Act No. 258 of the Public Acts of 1974, being section 300.1500 of the Michigan Compiled Laws, that person lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law." M.C.L. § 768.21a(1); M.S.A. § 28.1044(1)(1).

Additionally, the trial court is required to instruct at the conclusion of the trial (1) that the jury is to consider separately the issues of the presence or absence of mental illness and the presence or absence of legal insanity, and (2) on the possible verdicts of guilty, guilty but mentally ill, not guilty by reason of insanity, and not guilty. M.C.L. § 768.29a(2); M.S.A. § 28.1052(1) (2). If the jury were to find a defendant mentally ill, it could find him not guilty, guilty but mentally ill, or, if the mental illness resulted in the defendant's lacking substantial capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law, not guilty by reason of insanity.

The Michigan common law has long recognized the defense of insanity, although there was initially some contradiction as to the applicable standard. See People v. Garbutt, 17 Mich. 9 (1868); People v. Finley, 38 Mich. 482 (1878); People v. Durfee, 62 Mich. 487, 29 N.W. 109 (1886). The Durfee rule prevailed, and was reaffirmed by the Supreme Court shortly before the Legislature's codification of the insanity defense in People v. Martin, 386 Mich. 407, 418, 192 N.W.2d 215 (1971); cert. den. sub nom. Lewis v. Michigan, 408 U.S. 929, 92 S.Ct. 2505, 33 L.Ed.2d 342 (1972). The Martin Court stated the common law rule as follows:

"The salient elements of the Michigan test are: 1) whether defendant knew what he was doing was right or wrong; and 2) if he did, did he have the power, the will power, to resist doing the wrongful act? The Michigan test encompasses not only a sudden overpowering, irresistible impulse but any situation or condition in which the power, 'the will power' to resist, is insufficient to restrain commission of the wrongful act." People v. Martin, supra, 418, 192 N.W.2d 220 (footnote omitted).

The Court confessed that if it were writing "upon a clean slate" it might well adopt another of the various alternative insanity rules available, but declined to do so for several reasons including deference to the Legislature, which was considering the question at the time.

The rule reaffirmed in Martin is substantially the rule that has become known as the "M'Naghten plus irresistible impulse" test. ³ People v. Martin, supra, 418, 192 N.W.2d 215; LaFave & Scott, Handbook on Criminal Law, § 37, pp. 283-284. The rule adopted by the Legislature most closely resembles the standard promulgated by the American Law Institute as part of the Model Penal Code. ⁴ The similarities between the "M'Naghten plus irresistible impulse test" (Michigan common law) and the ALI "substantial capacity" test (Michigan statutory) have been noted, some calling the latter a "modernized version" of the former. LaFave & Scott, supra, § 38, p. 292. While we perceive the question of whether instructions modeled after the Michigan common law will suffice under the new statutory scheme to be one of first impression, we note that this Court has in passing recognized the similarities between the old and new tests. See People v. Mangiapane, 85 Mich.App. 379, 391, 271 N.W.2d 240 (1978); People v. Mikulin, supra, 84 Mich.App. 707, 270 N.W.2d 500. ⁵ See, also, commentary to CJI 7:8:03-7:8:13 at 1 Michigan Criminal Jury Instructions (Ann Arbor: Institute of Continuing Legal Education), p. 7-143.

Despite the similarities in the way that the old and new standards approach the problem of criminal responsibility, there are substantial differences in degree between the two standards. These differences can be demonstrated by comparing the trial court's instructions with the standards found in the statutes. Prior to the start of the prosecution's case the trial court instructed the jury on insanity as required:

"Members of the jury, the defense claimed by the defendant is not guilty by reason of insanity. That is, that he lacked criminal responsibility at the time of the alleged crime. Everyone is presumed to be sane, but once evidence of insanity is introduced, the burden rests on the People to prove sanity beyond a reasonable doubt. Should you find that the defendant committed the crime charged, you must determine whether he lacked criminal responsibility as a result of insanity at the time he committed the alleged crime.

"In doing so, you must determine if the defendant was not capable of knowing that what he was doing was wrong; that is to say that he was not able to distinguish between right and wrong at the time of the crime charged.

"Second, if you find he could distinguish between right and wrong, but that he did not have the power to resist the impulse to do the act by reason of mental disease or insanity, then he is not criminally responsible."

Similarly, at the conclusion of trial and prior to the jury's deliberations, the trial court again instructed on the definition of legal insanity:

"First, as a result of mental illness or disease, did the defendant not know that what he was doing was wrong; or was the defendant unable to distinguish between right and wrong. If you find that the defendant suffered from a mental illness or disease and at that time could not distinguish between right and wrong, you must find him not guilty by reason of lack of criminal responsibility."

"Second, if you find that he could distinguish between right and wrong but was suffering from mental illness or disease, you must further consider whether, in that situation and in his condition, the defendant had the will power to resist doing the wrongful act. If you find that he was suffering from mental illness or disease and that his will power was insufficient to keep him from committing the wrongful act, you must find him not guilty by reason of lack of criminal responsibility." ⁶

As can be seen, these instructions follow from the insanity test set out in Martin.

The most important difference between the trial court's instructions and the definition of insanity found in the statute is the degree to which the defendant must be affected by mental illness in order to qualify for the insanity defense. Under the trial court's instructions the jury must find that defendant was "not capable" of knowing his conduct was wrong or that he did "not know" what he was doing was wrong. He would have to be found to have been "unable to distinguish between right and wrong". Similarly, under the "irresistible impulse" portion of the instruction, the jury had to find that defendant's will power "was insufficient to keep him from committing the wrongful act" or that he "did not have the power to resist the impulse". These instructions point out one of the most frequent criticisms of the "M'Naghten plus irresistible impulse" test; that it is an all-or-nothing proposition. The statute, on the other hand, speaks in terms of "substantial capacity" and accordingly reduces the degree to which defendant's mental illness must affect his ability to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law. The trial court's instructions require that the defendant not know right from wrong while the statute requires only that he lack a substantial capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct. The trial court's instructions require that defendant not have had the power to resist the act while the statute requires only the lack of a substantial capacity to conform his conduct to the requirements of law. We do not believe that these standards are sufficiently similar to allow the trial court to instruct under the common law rule. " 'The problem is to differentiate between the wholly...