People v. Gretzinger

• Decision Date: 09 August 2018
• Docket Number: 108676
• Citation: 82 N.Y.S.3d 253,164 A.D.3d 1021
• Parties: The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Paula F. GRETZINGER, Appellant.
• Court: New York Supreme Court — Appellate Division

164 A.D.3d 1021

82 N.Y.S.3d 253

The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent,

v.Paula F. GRETZINGER, Appellant.

108676

Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Third Department, New York.

Calendar Date: June 6, 2018

Decided and Entered: August 9, 2018

Robert M. Cohen, Ballston Lake, for appellant.

Karen A. Heggen, District Attorney, Ballston Spa (Gordon W. Eddy of counsel), for respondent.

Before: Devine, J.P., Clark, Mulvey, Rumsey and Pritzker, JJ.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

Devine, J.P.Appeal from a judgment of the County Court of Saratoga County (Murphy III, J.), rendered July 21, 2016, upon a verdict convicting defendant of the crime of criminal possession of a forged instrument in the second degree.

Following an investigation, defendant was charged in an indictment with offenses stemming from her depositing a check into an individual bank account she was opening. The check was made out to defendant and Gerard Gretzinger (hereinafter Gretzinger), who were married but in the midst of tumultuous divorce proceedings at the time. Gretzinger only learned of the check's existence later and reported to authorities that he had not signed it. A jury trial ended with defendant being convicted of criminal possession of a forged instrument in the second degree. County Court sentenced her to four months in jail and five years of probation. Defendant now appeals.¹

Defendant contends that the evidence did not demonstrate that she possessed or uttered the check "with knowledge that it [was] forged and with intent to defraud, deceive or injure another" so as to support a conviction for criminal possession of a forged instrument in the second degree ( Penal Law § 170.25 ; see People v. Glover, 160 A.D.3d 1203, 1204, 74 N.Y.S.3d 822 [2018] ). In that regard, "[g]uilty knowledge of forgery may be shown circumstantially by conduct and events, and evidence of an intent to defraud or deceive may be inferred from a defendant's actions and surrounding circumstances" ( People v. Rebollo, 107 A.D.3d 1059, 1060–1061, 966 N.Y.S.2d 602 [2013] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]; see People v. Johnson, 65 N.Y.2d 556, 561, 493 N.Y.S.2d 445, 483 N.E.2d 120 [1985] ; People v. Monteiro, 93 A.D.3d 898, 899, 939 N.Y.S.2d 629 [2012], lv denied 19 N.Y.3d 964, 950 N.Y.S.2d 116, 973 N.E.2d 214 [2012] ).

The check has a legible indorsement by defendant and an illegible one that Gretzinger testified was not his. Defendant acknowledged as much in a recorded conversation with a State Police investigator, stating that she had no contact with Gretzinger regarding the pertinent check and three others issued as a result of a homeowner's insurance claim. The other checks were deposited by defendant into an account jointly owned by her and Gretzinger, but she sought to deposit the check at issue into an individual account that she was opening at a different bank. Defendant encountered difficulty depositing the check inasmuch as Gretzinger was absent and his name was not on the new account, prompting the teller to summon the branch manager. The branch manager granted approval to accept the check for deposit and testified, among other things, that she knew defendant from prior business dealings, assumed that the second signature on the check was Gretzinger's and was given no reason to believe otherwise by defendant. Although "the mere attempted negotiation or utterance of a forged instrument cannot, of itself, establish a presumption that defendant had knowledge the instrument was forged" ( People v. Miller, 144 A.D.2d 94, 98, 537 N.Y.S.2d 318 [1989] ; see People v. Johnson, 65 N.Y.2d at 561, 493 N.Y.S.2d 445, 483 N.E.2d 120 ), the foregoing proof left no doubt that defendant knew Gretzinger's indorsement on the check to be forged and nevertheless attempted to deposit the check with intent to deceive, defraud or injure another person. There was, as a result, legally sufficient proof to support the conviction (see People v. Loughlin, 66 N.Y.2d 633, 635, 495 N.Y.S.2d 357, 485 N.E.2d 1022 [1985] ; People v. Hoffey, 296 A.D.2d 660, 660–661, 745 N.Y.S.2d 257 [2002] ; People v. Dean, 177 A.D.2d 792, 794, 576 N.Y.S.2d 892 [1991], lv denied 79 N.Y.2d 855, 580 N.Y.S.2d 727, 588 N.E.2d 762 [1992] ). To the extent that defendant also argues that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence, even accepting that acquittal was a reasonable possibility so as to warrant such a review, we find that "the jury was justified in finding ... defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt" ( People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 348, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1 [2007] ).

Defendant next points out that a State Police investigator testified, after an overruled objection, that he had compared the illegible signature on the back of the check with a true one made by Gretzinger and that Gretzinger had not made the former. The People do not dispute that this was error since the investigator had not been shown to be a handwriting expert. County Court realized as much while the investigator was still on the stand and reversed course, sustaining the objection, striking the testimony and directing the jury to disregard it. County Court gave a similar instruction in its jury charge with the consent of defense counsel and, indeed, counsel relied upon the stricken response in his closing statement to emphasize the lack of expert proof that the signature on the check was a forgery. The curative action alleviated any prejudice under these circumstances and, accordingly, the initial error did not deprive defendant of a fair trial (see People v. Santiago, 52 N.Y.2d 865, 866, 437 N.Y.S.2d 75, 418 N.E.2d 668 [1981] ; People v. Peterson, 118 A.D.3d 1151, 1155–1156, 988 N.Y.S.2d 271 [2014], lvs denied 24 N.Y.3d 1087, 1 N.Y.S.3d 14, 25 N.E.3d 351 [2014]; People v. Hathaway, 159 A.D.2d 748, 751, 551 N.Y.S.2d 975 [1990] ).

Finally, defendan...