People v. Hernandez-Garcia

• Decision Date: 10 May 2005
• Docket Number: Docket No. 252516.
• Citation: 266 Mich. App. 416,701 N.W.2d 191
• Parties: PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Angel HERNANDEZ-GARCIA, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Michigan — District of US

701 N.W.2d 191

266 Mich. App. 416

PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Angel HERNANDEZ-GARCIA, Defendant-Appellant.

Docket No. 252516.

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

Submitted May 4, 2005, at Detroit.

Decided May 10, 2005, at 9:25 a.m.

Released for Publication July 26, 2005.

Michael A. Cox, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, William A. Forsyth, Prosecuting Attorney, and Timothy K. McMorrow, Chief Appellate Attorney, for the people.

Thomas J. Mattern, Lansing, for the defendant.

Before: O'CONNELL, P.J., and MARKEY AND TALBOT, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Defendant was convicted by a jury of unlawfully carrying a concealed weapon (CCW), MCL 750.227(2), and was sentenced to five months in jail. He appeals by right. We affirm.

On appeal, defendant asserts that the trial court erred in refusing to follow this Court's decision in People v. Coffey, 153 Mich.App. 311, 395 N.W.2d 250 (1986), and instruct the jury that "momentary or brief possession of a weapon, even concealed, resulting from the disarming of a wrongful possessor is a valid defense if the defendant had the intention of delivering the weapon to the police at the earliest possible time...." During preliminary instructions, the trial court gave such an instruction at defendant's request, but during the final instructions, the trial court stated that it no longer believed that "momentary possession" constituted a valid defense to CCW because recent Supreme Court decisions had impliedly overruled Coffey and because the "momentary possession" defense is not supported by the text of MCL 750.227.

Claims of instructional error are subject to review de novo. People v. Heikkinen, 250 Mich.App. 322, 327, 646 N.W.2d 190 (2002). A trial judge must instruct the jury regarding the applicable law and fully and fairly present the case to the jury in an understandable manner. People v. Moore, 189 Mich.App. 315, 319, 472 N.W.2d 1 (1991).

The instruction at issue in this case concerns MCL 750.227(2), which provides:

A person shall not carry a pistol concealed on or about his or her person, or, whether concealed or otherwise, in a vehicle operated or occupied by the person, except in his or her dwelling house, place of business, or on other land possessed by the person, without a license to carry the pistol as provided by law and if licensed, shall not carry the pistol in a place or manner inconsistent with any restrictions upon such license.

When enacting MCL 750.227, the Legislature intended CCW to constitute a general intent crime. People v. Marrow, 210 Mich.App. 455, 462-463, 534 N.W.2d 153 (1995), aff'd 453 Mich. 903, 554 N.W.2d 901 (1996), overruled in part on other grounds by People v. Pasha, 466 Mich. 378, 645 N.W.2d 275 (2002). Thus, the prosecution need only establish that an accused had the intent to do the act prohibited — that is, "to knowingly carry the weapon on one's person or in an automobile." People v. Combs, 160 Mich.App. 666, 673, 408 N.W.2d 420 (1987).

In Coffey, supra at 314, 395 N.W.2d 250, after acknowledging that the offense does not require proof of specific intent, this Court noted that "[t]he purpose of the statute is to prevent a quarreling or criminal person from suddenly drawing a concealed weapon and using it without prior notice to a victim that he or she was armed." It then stated that two other jurisdictions with similar general intent weapons possession statutes, New York and the District of Columbia, recognize a limited innocent possession defense. Id. at 314-315, 395 N.W.2d 250. Partly on the basis of decisions in these two jurisdictions, this Court stated:

We think it consistent with the statute's purpose to hold that momentary or brief possession of a weapon resulting from the disarming of a wrongful possessor is a valid defense against a charge of carrying a concealed weapon if the possessor had the intention of delivering the weapon to the police at the earliest possible time. [Id. at 315, 395 N.W.2d 250 (emphasis added).]

In this case, the trial court correctly noted that since Coffey was decided, our Supreme Court has repeatedly expressed disapproval of such policy-based decisions. When interpreting MCL 750.227 in Pasha, supra at 382, 645 N.W.2d 275, the Court stated:

[I]t is well to begin by recalling the bedrock rule that the goal of judicial interpretation of a statute is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the Legislature. The first step in that determination is to review the language of the statute itself. Thus, if the language is clear, no further construction is necessary or allowed to expand what the Legislature clearly intended to cover. [Citations and internal punctuation omitted.]

In Pasha, the defendant, who had previously been convicted of a felony, had a pistol concealed in the waistband of his pants when police arrested him in the home where he was living. Id. at 379-380, 645 N.W.2d 275. At a bench trial, the court found the defendant guilty of violating MCL 750.227. This Court affirmed that conviction on the basis of its earlier decision in Marrow that "lawful ownership of a pistol [is] a prerequisite to a valid claim to an exception contained in the concealed weapons statute...." Pasha, supra at 379, 645 N.W.2d 275. After examining the text of MCL 750.227, our Supreme Court reversed the defendant's conviction and overruled Marrow to the extent it required lawful ownership of a pistol as a prerequisite to invoking the dwelling house exception. Pasha, supra at 379, 382-383, 645 N.W.2d 275. The Court explained, id. at 382-383, 645 N.W.2d 275:

In order to qualify for the dwelling house exception, the defendant must present evidence that the location where the concealed pistol was carried was defendant's dwelling house. No other condition, such as lawful ownership of the pistol, is statutorily required. To state this proposition is to expose the problem with Marrow in that Marrow effectively read a requirement of lawful ownership of the weapon into the dwelling house exception to the CCW statute. Such an addition of a requirement simply cannot be done by a court. If such a condition is to be added, it must be added by the Legislature. As that has not happened, this defendant has been convicted of a crime that does not apply to him, and his conviction is invalid.

In light of Pasha, this Court's decision in Coffey must be rejected. Just as Marrow denied defendants a defense based on policy grounds not included in the text of the statute, Coffey created a defense to CCW based on this Court's perception of the purpose behind the statute. Pasha makes it clear that courts may not do this. It is error for a court to mandate additional conditions for a defense expressly created by the Legislature. By this same logic, courts may not create defenses in addition to those included in the text of the statute. Although our Supreme Court has not explicitly overruled Coffey, we conclude that the trial court did not err in finding that Coffey no longer constitutes good law. Because Coffey is based on policy not found in the statute, "momentary possession" of a pistol after disarming another is not a valid defense to CCW. Consequently, defendant is not entitled to relief on the ground that the trial court refused to give an instruction consistent with Coffey.

Defendant further contends that the trial court's contradictory instructions confused the jury and denied...